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\large\bf \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ Macro Definition Files\\
for Astronomical Publications\\[4ex]
\normalsize C. D. Biemesderfer$^1$\\[1ex] and\\[1ex]
	R. J. Hanisch$^2$
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\begin{quote}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\arabic{enumi})}
\begin{enumerate}
\item National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85721.
NRAO is operated by Associated Universities, Inc.\ under cooperative
agreement with the National Science Foundation.

\item Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.
STScI is operated for NASA by Associated Universities for
Research in Astronomy, Inc.
\end{enumerate}
\end{quote}

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\title{\TeX\ and \LaTeX\ Macro Definition Files\\
       for Astronomical Publications}
\author{C. D. Biemesderfer (NRAO), R. J. Hanisch (STScI)}

\vspace{1.5ex}

As astronomers have become skilled in the use of the typesetting
programs \TeX\ and \LaTeX, their use in preparing articles for
astronomical journals has steadily increased.
We believe that the community, including the journal publishers,
can benefit significantly from the adoption of \TeX\ for production
purposes as well as for the creation of authors' drafts.
We have begun the development of macro definition files for the
Chicago University Press journals ({\it Ap.J.\/} and {\it A.J.\/}),
and have developed templates which guide authors in the preparation of
their manuscripts.

We wish to illustrate several points with our display:
\begin{itemize}
  \item High-quality output can be produced, even with a 300 dot per inch
		laser printer.
  \item There is merit in the use of a ``general'' set of macros,
		usable by several authors, in order to produce identical
		{\sl looking} results (identical form vs. variable 
		content).
  \item We demonstrate the power of the typesetting system itself,
		and the versatility possible with layers of macros, 
		with ``draft''
		and ``reprint'' versions of the same paper produced
		{\sl with the same markup} (variable form vs. 
		identical content).
\end{itemize}

%\pagebreak
\subsection*{Why use \TeX~?}

Look around.  How many presentations and preprints that were prepared
with \TeX\ have you seen at this meeting~?
The most important reason for selecting these programs is
{\sl familiarity}.
Another consideration is that the whole \TeX\ system is in the public
domain, so there is very little encumbrance of cost levied on the
community.
The system has been ported to a significant fraction of available
computing machinery and printers, so the likelihood of requiring the
acquisition of new hardware is very small.

In addition, \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ do typesetting {\sl well}.
They are capable of producing printed manuscripts that are practically
indistinguishable from the printed pages of the various journals.
Finally, \TeX\ has a well-developed macro facility.
Through the use of standard macro files, it is possible for authors
to send their manuscripts electronically to the journal editorial offices
and for the journals to reduce costs by directly typesetting the submissions.
Given the widening of the research computing network, it is easy to
imagine that publishers need not produce final-copy reprints for
authors to distribute; the bulk of reprint requests could be made
{\sl and filled} via electronic mail.

%\pagebreak
\subsection*{Why use macros~?}

The most important reason to use identical markup is to guarantee uniformity
in the typeset results of manuscripts written by different authors.
A secondary benefit is that by changing the {\sl definitions}
of the markup macros, an author (or publisher) can produce articles with
entirely different form, without modifying the source document.
This means that an author can create an ``editorial'' copy of a
paper suitable for review by a referee or a copy editor, and the
journal publisher can produce ``proof'' pages (or the author can produce
his own reprints) with the same markup.

The accompanying figures show the original source files and typeset results of
a trial article produced in ``draft'' and ``final'' forms. 

With the use of \LaTeX\ style files, the macro definitions can also be
customized for the style differences between the different journals.  
Although we encourage the standardization efforts now in progress, if
differences were to remain in the layout, font styles, references, etc.,
between different journals, these could be accommodated in suitably
tailored style files.  Again, the source text would be identical except
for the name of the style file.

%\pagebreak
\subsection*{Macro names}

Proposing a ``standard'' for a community at large is always a
contentious undertaking, and there will undoubtedly be differences
of opinion about the nomenclature of the markup and the semantics
of the ``little language'' that comprises the definitions.
We have adopted the naming conventions and to a major extent the
semantics of \LaTeX, primarily because the control sequence names
of \LaTeX\ reflect the canonical terminology of typography and
copy editing.  \LaTeX\ is also widely used, and many scientists
are likely to be familiar with the command names.

We list in what follows the major features of the
experimental {\it apj\/} style definition.

\begin{itemize}
\item Journal and article identification information is established by the
editorial staff.  The following macros can (and probably should) be included
in the manuscript preamble.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\journalid{VOL}{JOURNALDATE}
\articleid{STARTPAGE}{ENDPAGE}
\received{RECEIPTDATE}
\accepted{ACCEPTDATE}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
The copyright line found at the beginning of each article is typeset using
the journal and article identification information set by the
\verb"\journalid" and \verb"\articleid" commands.

\item Title and author identification is by way of standard \LaTeX\ commands
\verb"\title" and \verb"\author".
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\title{TITLE}
\author{AUTHOR}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
Authors' principal affiliation(s) is specified with a separate macro
\verb"\affiliation".  Authors often have
affiliations above and beyond their main employer, and these are specified
with the \verb"\altaffil" and \verb"\altaffiltext" commands.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\affiliation{PLACE}
\altaffil{IDNUMBER}
\altaffiltext{IDNUMBER}{PLACE}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\item The paper abstract is enclosed in a grouping construct as per the
\LaTeX\ abstract environment.
There is also a subject headings environment that permits main headings
with subheadings, identified with \verb"\heading" and \verb"\subheading"
macros, respectively.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{abstract}
\end{abstract}

\begin{subjects}
\heading{MAINTOPIC}
\subheading{SUBTOPIC}
\end{subjects}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\item We permit sections, subsections, and subsubsections
as described by the Manual of Style, and using the same syntax as their
paradigms in \LaTeX.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\section{NAME}
\subsection{NAME}
\subsubsection{NAME}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\item There is an \verb"\acknowledgements" command to be used before any
final paragraphs that may contain expressions of gratitude.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\acknowledgements
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\item At the present time, the references environment is not implemented
with BIB\TeX, although we borrow syntactic and semantic ideas
from that system (which, in turn, borrows from Scribe and {\it refer\/}).
We have simply defined the several macros we needed for the sample
papers, using the entry types described in the BIB\TeX\ documentation.
The definitions make use of the required and optional fields as per
BIB\TeX\ as well, and the required arguments are in the same order as
they are mentioned in Appendix B of the \LaTeX\ manual.  We have added
the optional arguments where necessary in order to make correct {\it Ap.J.\/}
references, although the specific syntax may not be desirable for
authors submitting to many journals; something more general should
be devised, or else BIB\TeX\ should be properly used.
\begin{quote}\small
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{references}
\article{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{JOURNAL}{YEAR}{VOL}{PAGE}
\book{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{PUBLISHER}{YEAR}
\inbook{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{CHAP/PAGE}{ED/PUB}{YEAR}
\misc{AUTHOR}{YEAR}{NOTE}
\end{references}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\item There is an authors' addresses environment.
The syntax here is experimental.
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{authoraddresses}
\authoraddress{NAME}{ADDRESS}
\end{authoraddresses}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
where address components should be delimited by \verb"\\".
For {\it Ap.J.\/} main journal addresses,
\verb"\\" doesn't mean a line break; it is redefined to
be simply a comma.  In preprints, though, people frequently set up
their addresses in a standard ``envelope'' form, hence that choice for
the delimiter.
\end{itemize}

We also suggest that a number of commonplace abbreviations
be specified as macros, particularly for the names of journals
used in citations.  The reason for this is because different
journals do not use the same abbreviations, and if the ideas
proposed in this paper catch on with several publishers, we can
use the same citation macros without having to look up in the
corresponding Manual of Style how to abbreviate
{\it Astronomy and Astrophysics\/}.

%\pagebreak
\subsection*{Status of the macros}

The macro package is in a very preliminary form, with many known
shortcomings and omissions;
the purpose of this paper is to serve as a trial balloon for the
concepts we are proposing.

There are several outstanding problems, most notably a generalized
way of going in and out of ``two-column'' mode.  Macros for setting
tabular material and for inserting space for figures have not been
developed (although they will not be terribly difficult).
The most flexible way to handle embedded graphical material is for
the graphics to be submitted in electronic form also, in some
standard metacode such as PostScript, but this is a separate
issue.

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