INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mvme68k. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document............................................2 What is NetBSD?................................................2 Changes Between The NetBSD 8.1 and 8.2 Releases................3 Features to be removed in a later release......................3 The NetBSD Foundation..........................................3 Sources of NetBSD..............................................3 NetBSD 8.2 Release Contents....................................3 NetBSD/mvme68k subdirectory structure.......................5 Binary distribution sets....................................5 NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices.......8 Supported VME147 hardware...................................9 Supported VME162/VME172 hardware............................9 Supported VME167/VME177 hardware............................9 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................10 Creating boot/install tapes................................10 Boot/Install from NFS server...............................11 Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM................................12 Install/Upgrade via FTP....................................12 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................12 Installing the NetBSD System..................................14 Installing from tape.......................................14 Installing from NFS........................................18 Booting the miniroot.......................................20 Miniroot install program:..................................21 Running the sysinst installation program...................22 Introduction............................................22 General.................................................22 Quick install...........................................22 Booting NetBSD..........................................23 Network configuration...................................24 Installation drive selection and parameters.............24 Selecting which sets to install.........................24 Partitioning the disk...................................24 Preparing your hard disk................................25 Getting the distribution sets...........................25 Installation from CD-ROM................................25 Installation using FTP..................................26 Installation using NFS..................................26 Installation from an unmounted file system..............26 Installation from a local directory.....................26 Extracting the distribution sets........................26 Configure additional items..............................27 Finalizing your installation............................27 Post installation steps.......................................27 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................30 Upgrading using the miniroot...............................30 Manual upgrade.............................................30 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............31 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 5.x releases.......31 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 6.x releases.......32 Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 7.x releases.......32 Using online NetBSD documentation.............................32 Administrivia.................................................33 Thanks go to..................................................33 We are........................................................34 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................41 The End.......................................................47 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 8.2 on the _m_v_m_e_6_8_k platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 8.2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with pre- liminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD website at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them.) NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88..11 aanndd 88..22 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 8.2 release is the first security/critical update of the NetBSD 8 release branch. It represents a selected subset of fixes deemed important for security or stability reasons. The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES-8.2: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--88..22//CCHHAANNGGEESS--88..22 file in the top level directory of the NetBSD 8.2 release tree. The release anouncements, status, updates and links to other resources can be found at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//rreelleeaasseess//ffoorrmmaall--88// FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo dhclient(8) in favor of dhcpcd(8). ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. ++oo rtsol(8) and rtsold(8). TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 88..22 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 8.2 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_8_._2_/ CHANGES Changes between the 7.0 and 8.0 releases. CHANGES-8.0 Changes between the initial 8.0 branch and final release of 8.0. CHANGES-8.1 Changes between the 8.0 release and the 8.1 release. CHANGES-8.2 Changes between the 8.1 release and the 8.2 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 8.2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 8.2 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 8.2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_v_m_e_6_8_k _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The mvme68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 8.2 release is found in the _m_v_m_e_6_8_k subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_8_._2_/_m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_V_M_E_1_4_7_._g_z A kernel for MVME147 boards. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_V_M_E_1_6_2_._g_z A kernel for MVME162 boards. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_V_M_E_1_6_7_._g_z A kernel for MVME167 boards. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_V_M_E_1_7_2_._g_z A kernel for MVME172 boards. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_V_M_E_1_7_7_._g_z A kernel for MVME177 boards. _s_e_t_s_/ mvme68k binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ mvme68k miniroot file system image; see below. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ Two programs needed to boot mvme68k kernels over the network; see below. _t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e_/ Tape boot programs, and a RAMDISK kernel; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD mvme68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 8.2 release for mvme68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 8.2 distribu- tion tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 8.2 mvme68k bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It con- tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is usefull when reporting issues with binaries or during develope- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/mvme68k 8.2 GENERIC ker- nel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distri- bution set. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is usefull when reporting issues with these binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. The mvme68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. The following are included in the _m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory: _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ _N_o_t_e_: The ssyyssiinnsstt method of installation is the preferred method for installing NetBSD/mvme68k. _T_h_e _T_r_a_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _m_e_t_h_o_d _o_f _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _i_s _d_e_p_r_e_c_a_t_e_d _a_n_d _w_i_l_l _b_e _r_e_m_o_v_e_d _i_n _a _f_u_t_u_r_e _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_. Some other important differences between the two installation methods are: ++oo The Installer and Mkfs utilities are not used if the installation is done using the ssyyssiinnsstt method via booting an Installation Kernel. ++oo Mkfs creates a 4.3BSD "old" format file system. This is the only file system format understood by the Installer. The ssyyssiinnsstt process cre- ates "new" file systems which can't be processed by Mkfs or the Installer. ++oo The Installer (and probably Mkfs) is known to have problems with BSD file systems that are larger than 1 GB or extend beyond the 1 GB physical limit. Keep this in mind if doing a Tradi- tional method installation with these utilities. ++oo The Booter is known to have problems booting from a NetBSD file system if the inode of the kernel file is too large. For large disks it is advis- able to have a small root partition and one or more usr-type partitions for other files. This ensures the inode of the kernel in the root file system will be small. ++oo The Booter is designed to work with 4.3BSD "old" file systems, but there are enough similarities between the "old" and "new" file system formats in the first few hundred blocks that the Booter can usually boot a Kernel from a 4.3BSD new file system. If you choose to use "new" file system for- mats, it is advisable to use a small root partition and one or more usr- type partitions for other files. This is the default layout used by ssyyssiinnsstt. _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._g_z A copy of the miniroot file system. This file system image is copied into the swap partition of the disk which you intend to boot NetBSD from. Normally, this step will be performed manually from the ramdisk boot environment. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t_/ _s_b_o_o_t An MVME147 bootstrap program in Motorola S-Record format. This is required when you wish to boot an MVME147 over the net- work since the ROM has no built-in network support. Instructions for getting this program into memory are discussed later. _n_e_t_b_o_o_t A standalone 2nd stage bootstrap program loaded over the network via TFTP. This is responsible for fetching and starting the NetBSD mvme68k kernel from an NFS server. _t_a_p_e_i_m_a_g_e_/ _s_t_b_o_o_t This file contains a boot sector for Motorola MVME boards. It must be the first file written to a tape in order to make the tape bootable. _b_o_o_t_s_t This file contains a bootstrap program which knows how to load the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image from tape. This must be the second file written to the tape. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K_._g_z This is the NetBSD mvme68k ramdisk image. It contains a GENERIC kernel and a built in RAMDISK with just enough tools to partition a disk, dump the miniroot kernel to it and make the disk bootable. This must be the third file written to the tape. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the mvme68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//mmvvmmee6688kk SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/mvme68k 8.2 runs on Motorola MVME147 , MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 , and MVME177 Single Board Computers. The minimal configuration requires 8 MB of RAM and ~200 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space. To run X (clients only) or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 16 MB of RAM, or 32 MB when running the X Window System. Note that you can install NetBSD 8.2 on a system with only 4 MB of onboard RAM, but you will need to use a VMEbus RAM card with at least another 4 MB to augment the onboard mem- ory in order to actually install the system. A swap partition of 2-3*RAM is recommended. Note that the NetBSD/mvme68k installation procedure uses a _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be large enough to hold this miniroot image (> 7.5 MB). _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _V_M_E_1_4_7 _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e ++oo Serial ports (RS232) -- built-in console -- ttyZ1 -- ttyZ2 -- ttyZ3 ++oo Parallel port -- On-board centronics style printer port ++oo Network interfaces: -- On-board Lance Ethernet (le) ++oo SCSI -- Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc -- On-board wd33c93 SCSI bus interface chip (async only) ++oo Miscellaneous: -- Battery-backed real-time clock -- VMEbus RAM cards -- Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _V_M_E_1_6_2_/_V_M_E_1_7_2 _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e ++oo Serial ports (RS232) -- built-in console -- ttyC1 -- ttyC2 -- ttyC3 ++oo Network interfaces: -- On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) ++oo SCSI -- Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc -- On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O processor chip ++oo Miscellaneous: -- Battery-backed real-time clock -- VMEbus RAM cards -- Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _V_M_E_1_6_7_/_V_M_E_1_7_7 _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e ++oo Serial ports (RS232) -- built-in console -- ttyZ1 -- ttyZ2 -- ttyZ3 ++oo Parallel port -- On-board centronics style printer port ++oo Network interfaces: -- On-board Intel Ethernet (ie) ++oo SCSI -- Most SCSI disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, etc -- On-board ncr53c710 SCSI I/O Processor chip ++oo Miscellaneous: -- Battery-backed real-time clock -- VMEbus RAM cards -- Any VMEbus interface cards with Machine Inde- pendent drivers If it's not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this release. GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: ++oo Tape ++oo NFS ++oo CD-ROM ++oo FTP Note that installing on a `bare' machine requires either a bootable tape drive or an ethernet to a compatible NFS server. MVME147 may also need to be booted over an RS232 connection. The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instruc- tions for each type of media are given below. In order to create installation media, you will need all the files and subdirectories in these two directories: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_8_._2_/_m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_8_._2_/_m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/_b_i_n_a_r_y _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _b_o_o_t_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l _t_a_p_e_s Installing from tape is the simplest method of all. This method uses two tapes, one containing a bootable ramdisk and miniroot, the other containing the installation sets. The boot tape is created as follows: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--88..22//mmvvmmee6688kk//iinnssttaallllaattiioonn # sseett TT == //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd # dddd iiff==ttaappeeiimmaaggee//ssttbboooott ooff==$$TT oobbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # dddd iiff==ttaappeeiimmaaggee//bboooottsstt ooff==$$TT oobbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # ggzziipp --ddcc ttaappeeiimmaaggee//nneettbbssdd--RRAAMMDDIISSKK..ggzz || dddd ooff==$$TT oobbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # ggzziipp --ddcc mmiinniirroooott//mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz || dddd ooff==$$TT oobbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd The installation set tape is created as follows: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--88..22//mmvvmmee6688kk//bbiinnaarryy//sseettss # sseett TT == //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd # ffoorr ff iinn bbaassee eettcc ccoommpp ggaammeess mmaann mmiisscc tteexxtt;; ddoo ggzziipp --dd << $$ff..ttggzz || dddd ooff==$$TT bbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc # ddoonnee # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd If the tape does not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details. _B_o_o_t_/_I_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_r_o_m _N_F_S _s_e_r_v_e_r If your machine has a disk and network connection, but no tape drive, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This involves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your network so you can configure it to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it (i.e. add_client(8) on SunOS). Booting an MVME147 from ethernet is not possible without first downloading a small bootstrap program (sboot) via RS232. See the section entitled _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _N_F_S for details on how to accomplish this. sboot expects to be able to download a second stage boot- strap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RARP It will look for a filename derived from the machine's IP address expressed in hexadecimal, with an extension of `_._1_4_7'. For example, an MVME147 with IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP request for _8_2_7_3_9_0_0_B_._1_4_7. Normally, this file is just a symbolic link to the NetBSD/mvme68k _n_e_t_b_o_o_t program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remem- ber, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). The netboot program may be found in the install directory of this distribution. The MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 , and MVME177 boot ROMs have code builtin to boot over ethernet from a TFTP server. You should configure it to download the same _n_e_t_b_o_o_t program as is used for MVME147. The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from that location. The server should have a copy of the netbsd-RAMDISK kernel in the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client root, although it might be a convenient place to put the uncom- pressed miniroot image) and _/_e_t_c_/_b_o_o_t_p_a_r_a_m_s on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory. Note that you should rename the _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_R_A_M_D_I_S_K kernel to just _n_e_t_b_s_d in the client's root directory before trying to netboot the client. The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If using NFS, mini- root.fs.gz should be expanded on the server, because doing so from the RAMDISK shell is not so easy. The unzipped miniroot takes about 7.5 MB of space. If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-RAMDISK ker- nel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_U_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e. tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files provided on the CD-ROM. Once you have booted netbsd-RAMDISK (the RAMDISK kernel) and loaded the miniroot, you can load any of the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM. The iinnssttaallll program in the miniroot automates the work required to mount the CD-ROM and extract the files. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_/_U_p_g_r_a_d_e _v_i_a _F_T_P This method requires that you boot from another device (i.e., tape or network, as described above). You may need to make a boot tape on another machine using the files in .../install (which you get via FTP). Once you have booted netbsd-RAMDISK (the RAM-disk kernel) and loaded the mini- root, you can load any of the distribution sets over the net using FTP. The iinnssttaallll program in the miniroot automates the work required to configure the network interface and transfer the files. This method, of course, requires network access to an FTP server. This might be a local system, or it might be ftp.NetBSD.org itself. If you wish to use ftp.NetBSD.org as your FTP file server, you may want to keep the following information handy: No IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.org Login: anonymous Password: Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-8.2/mvme68k/binary PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn mvme68k machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of _b_a_c_k_i_n_g _u_p _a_l_l _d_a_t_a on any attached storage devices. The exception to the above is that MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 and MVME177 boards require a jumper to be removed or DIP switch changed before NetBSD can be installed. On MVME162-LX and MVME172-LX pins 1-2 of jumper J11 _m_u_s_t be removed. On MVME162-P2/P4 and MVME172-P2/P4 switch S4, position 8 _m_u_s_t be set to OFF. On MVME167 and MVME177 pins 1-2 of jumper J1 _m_u_s_t be removed. Once you've made any necessary jumper changes, the following instructions should make your machine ``NetBSD Ready''. Power-up your MVME147 board. You should have the _b_u_g prompt: COLD Start Onboard RAM start = $00000000, stop = $007FFFFF 147-Bug> Or, if you have an MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 board (the following boot message is from MVME167; the others are simi- lar): MVME167 Debugger/Diagnostics Release Version 2.3 - 02/25/94 COLD Start Local Memory Found =02000000 (&33554432) MPU Clock Speed =33Mhz 167-Bug> Make sure the RAM size looks ok (if you've got an 8 MB MVME147 or a 32 MB MVME167 you should have the same value as we do). Also make sure the clock is ticking: 1xx-Bug>ttiimmee Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:14 1xx-Bug>ttiimmee Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:15 1xx-Bug> Note that NetBSD bases its year at 1968, and adds the year offset in the system's real-time clock to get the current year. So the 31 here equates to 1999. You may have to adjust your clock using the sseett command to comply with NetBSD 's requirements. Don't worry if the `Day of the week' is not correct, as NetBSD doesn't use it. Motorola has acknowledged a year 2000 bug in some versions of the MVME147 whereby the day of the week doesn't get set cor- rectly by the 147Bug PROM. NetBSD does not affect Also make sure that your board's ethernet address is ini- tialised to the correct value. You'll find the address on a label on the inside of the MVME147's front panel, and on the VMEbus P2 connector of the other board types. On the MVME147, enter the last five digits of the address using the llssaadd command. On the MVME162/172 and MVME167/177, you should use the ccnnffgg command. The NetBSD kernel reads the first two long words of the onboard NVRAM to determine the starting and ending address of any VMEbus RAM that should be used by the system. You should verify that this area is set properly for your con- figuration. If you have no VMEbus RAM boards, the values should be set to zero (0). For an MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 or MVME177 board, at the 1xx-Bug> prompt: 1xx-Bug>mmmm ffffffcc00000000 ;;ll fffc0000: xxxxxxxx?00 fffc0004: xxxxxxxx?00 fffc0008: xxxxxxxx?. 1xx-Bug> For an MVME147 board, at the 147Bug prompt: 147Bug>mmmm ffffffee00776644 ;;ll fffe0764: xxxxxxxx?00 fffe0768: xxxxxxxx?00 fffe076c: xxxxxxxx?. If you do have VMEbus RAM available and want NetBSD to use it, the first long word should be set to the starting address of this RAM and the second long word should be set to the ending address. If you have more than one VMEbus RAM board installed, the starting and ending addresses must be contiguous from one board to the next. Also note that, for various reasons beyond the scope of this document, VMEbus RAM should be con- figured in A32 address space. To install successfully to a local SCSI disk, you need to ensure that the system is aware of what targets are con- nected to the SCSI bus. This can be done by issuing the following command: 1xx-Bug> iioott;;tt At this point, Bug will scan for any attached SCSI devices. After a short delay, a list of SCSI devices will be dis- played. 147Bug will ask if LUNs should be assigned from SCSI ids, to which you should answer Y. You should also answer Y when asked if the information is to be saved to NVRAM. 16xBug does not prompt for this information. The following installation instructions will assume that your target SCSI disk drive appears at SCSI-ID 0. If you have a tape drive, the instructions assume is is configured for SCSI-ID 5. When the RAMDISK root boots, NetBSD will refer to these devices as sd0 and rst0 respectively. You may wish to note these down; you'll be using them a lot. :-) IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too diffi- cult. There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your MVME147 machine has a tape drive the easiest way is _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e (details below). All other machines can be installed easily over the network from a suitable NFS server. See _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _N_F_S for details. Otherwise, if you have another mvme68k machine running NetBSD you can ini- tialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e Create the NetBSD/mvme68k 8.2 boot tape as described in the section entitled _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _b_o_o_t _t_a_p_e. Then, with the tape in the drive, type the following at the Bug prompt: 147-Bug> bboo 55 16x-Bug> bboo 00,,5500 As mentioned earlier, this assumes your tape is jumpered for SCSI-ID 5. As the tape loads (which may take 20 to 30 seconds), you will see a series of status messages. It may be useful if you can capture these messages to a file, or a scrollable xterm window. In particular, you should make a note of the lines which describe the geometry of the SCSI disks detected by NetBSD. They are of the form: sd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: SCSI1 0/direct fixed sd0: 800 MB, 800 cyl, 16 head, 128 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 1638400 sectors The information of most interest is the number of sectors; for the fictitious disk above, it's 1638400. You will need this number when you come to create a disklabel for that drive. Here is an example of an MVME147 system booting from tape: RAM address from VMEbus = $00000000 Booting from: VME147, Controller 5, Device 0 Loading: Operating System Volume: NBSD IPL loaded at: $003F0000 >> BSD MVME147 tapeboot [$Revision: 1.23 $] 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . _N_o_t_e_: The exact text of the messages will vary depending on which mvme68k variant you're using. Finally, you will see the following "welcome" message: Welcome to the NetBSD/mvme68k RAMDISK root! This environment is designed to do only four things: 1: Partition your disk (use the command: disklabel -i -I /dev/rsd0c) 2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b) 3: Make that partition bootable (using 'installboot') 4: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd0b). Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source of the miniroot image to be on any of these: boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows: mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3 dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k conv=sync (For help with other methods, please see the install notes.) To reboot using the swap partition after running installboot, first use hhaalltt, then at the Bug monitor prompt use a command like: 1x7Bug> bo 0,,b: To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome # You must now create a disklabel on the disk you wish to use for the root file system (_/). This will usually be sd0. The disklabel is used by NetBSD to identify the starting block and size of each partition on the disk. Partitions are named sd0a, sd0b, sd0c, etc, up to sd0h. The mvme68k port of NetBSD makes some assumptions about the first three partitions on a boot disk: sd0a The root file system (_/). sd0b The swap partition. sd0c The whole disk. Also known as the _r_a_w _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n. The _r_a_w _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n is special; NetBSD is able to use it even if the disk has no label. You should never create a file system on the Raw Partition, even on a non-boot disk. It is good practice to put _/_u_s_r on a different partition than _/ (root, AKA sd0a). So, the first available partition for _/_u_s_r is sd0d. Refer to the section entitled _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _R_e_q_u_i_r_e_m_e_n_t_s _a_n_d _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _D_e_v_i_c_e_s for information on the recommended sizes of the _/ (root), _/_u_s_r and swap parti- tions. You are not required to define any partitions beyond sd0d, but if you have a large disk drive, you might want to create several other partitions for file systems such as _/_h_o_m_e or _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c. Note that at this time you are only required to partition the root/boot disk; you will get the opportunity to partition any other disks in your system from the main mmiinniirroooott installation program. To create the disklabel and partitions, use the disklabel program, passing it the name of the Raw Partition of your root/boot disk. # ddiisskkllaabbeell --ii --II //ddeevv//rrssdd00cc important disklabel -i options: ? - short help on all commands P - print current partition table W - write the current partition table Q - quit [a-p] - define named partition To start creating the basic partitions, you should enter aa at the partition> prompt. disklabel will then prompt for the partition information in a form similar to: partition> aa Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 44..22BBSSDD Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 3322mm When you enter the start and length of a partition, you can append s, c, m, or g to specify sectors, cylinders, megabytes or gigabytes respectively. The above example creates partition `a', starting at sector zero and with a size of 32MB. The type of the partition should be 4.2BSD, which is the recommended NetBSD file system type. Next, create a swap partition (b). Note that the minimum size of this swap partition should be 8 MB, otherwise you won't be able to use a miniroot to complete the NetBSD installation! partition> bb Filesystem type [?] [unused]: sswwaapp Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: aa Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 1166mm Here, we specify that the swap partition starts immediatedly after the `a' partition and is of size 16MB. The length of the swap partition should be at least as large as the amount of RAM in your system and ideally 64MB or over. The remain- der of the disk can be allocated to the `d' partition for the _/_u_s_r file system. partition> dd Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 44..22BBSSDD Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: bb Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: $$ Note that the above partition sizes are just guidelines. If your disk is large enough, you should resize the partitions appropriately and perhaps also create a /var partition as well. You now need to write this new disklabel, together with the partition details you've just entered, to disk. You might also try the `PP' command to view the partitions. Once writ- ten, you can quit back to the shell using `QQ'. Now that your disk's partitioned, you need to get the proper installation miniroot image onto it. The miniroot image is designed to be copied into the swap partition of your disk. This is a safe place which won't be overwritten by the installation procedure. From the shell prompt, use the fol- lowing commands to copy the miniroot image from tape to swap (b). # mmtt --ff //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 rreewwiinndd # mmtt --ff //ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 ffssff 33 # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//nnrrsstt00 ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb bbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc The disk and the miniroot must now be made bootable using the installboot(8) command. To do this, issue the following commands: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//ssdd00bb //mmnntt # iinnssttaallllbboooott //mmnntt//uussrr//mmddeecc//bboooottssdd //bboooottxxxx //ddeevv//rrssdd00bb # uummoouunntt //ddeevv//ssdd00bb You can now shutdown the system. # hhaalltt signal 15 syncing disks... done unmounting / (root_device)... halted 147-Bug> rreesseett Reset Local SCSI Bus [Y,N] N? yy Automatic reset of known SCSI Buses on RESET [Y,N] Y? Cold/Warm Reset flag [C,W] = C? Execute Soft Reset [Y,N] N? yy Resetting the other types of MVME boards are very similar. You should now reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t for details. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _N_F_S Before you can install from NFS, you must have already con- figured your NFS server to support your machine as a bootable client. Instructions for configuring the server are found in the section entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n_t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a above. To get started on the MVME147, you need to download _s_b_o_o_t into RAM (you will find ssbboooott in the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l directory of the mvme68k distribution). You can either do that through the console line or through a 2nd serial connection. For example, an MVME147 connected to a sun4/110 and accessed via tip(1) can be loaded as follows: lo 0 ~Ccat sboot go 4000 Which will look like this: 147-Bug> lloo 00 ~CLocal command? ccaatt ssbboooott _a_w_a_y _f_o_r _1_1 _s_e_c_o_n_d_s ! 147-Bug> gg 44000000 Effective address: 00004000 sboot: serial line bootstrap program (end = 6018) >>> Now, if you want to do it through serial line 1, then con- nect serial line one to a machine. At the 147-Bug> prompt type ttmm 11 You should then login to the machine it is con- nected to. Then press CONTROL-A to escape to Bug. Do lloo 11;;xx==ccaatt ssbboooott _._._. then when that is done you can reconnect ttmm 11 and logout. Then do ggoo 44000000 and you've got the >>> prompt of ssbboooott. Once you've got the >prompt, you can boot the RAMDISK kernel from the server: >>> bb le0: ethernet address: 8:0:3e:20:cb:87 My ip address is: 192.168.1.4 Server ip address is: 192.168.1.1 4800 Download was a success! See below for the next step in booting MVME147. The MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 and MVME177 boards are able to download netboot directly using TFTP. To enable this, you must first configure the networking parameters on the board as described in the section entitled "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation. On a properly configured MVME162/172 or MVME167/177, all you need to type is: 1xx-Bug> nnbboo For all board types, the boot messages are very similar: Start @ 0x8000 ... >> BSD MVME147 netboot (via sboot) [$Revision: 1.23 $] device: le0 attached to 08:00:3e:20:cb:87 boot: client IP address: 192.168.1.4 boot: client name: soapy root addr=192.168.1.1 path=/export/soapy 578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4 Start @ 0x8000 ... Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000 steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU real mem = 7237632 avail mem = 6381568 using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory mainbus0 (root) pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40 clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM . . After the boot program loads the RAMDISK kernel, you should see the welcome screen as shown in the "tape boot" section above. You now need to create a disklabel with partition informa- tion on the SCSI disk on which you intend to create your root file system (_/). Follow the instructions in the previ- ous section entitled _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _f_r_o_m _t_a_p_e to do this. (But stop short of the part which describes how to copy the mini- root from tape.) You must now configure the network interface before you can access the NFS server containing the miniroot image. For example the command: # iiffccoonnffiigg llee00 iinneett 119922..116688..11..44 uupp will bring up the MVME147 network interface le0 with that address. The command: # iiffccoonnffiigg iiee00 iinneett 119922..116688..11..44 uupp will bring up the MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 network inter- face ie0 with that address. The next step is to copy the miniroot from your server. This can be done using either NFS or remote shell. (In the examples that follow, the server has IP address 192.168.1.1) You may then need to add a default route if the server is on a different subnet: # rroouuttee aadddd ddeeffaauulltt 119922..116688..11..22 11 You can look at the route table using: # rroouuttee sshhooww Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image: # mmoouunntt --rr 119922..116688..11..11:://eexxppoorrtt//ssooaappyy //mmnntt The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not compressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case: # dddd iiff==//mmnntt//mmiinniirroooott ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb bbss==88kk Otherwise, you will need to use ggzzccaatt to expand the miniroot image while copying. # ggzzccaatt mmiinniirroooott..ffss..ggzz | dddd ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb oobbss==88kk ccoonnvv==oossyynncc You must now make the disk bootable. Refer to the previous section on installing from tape, where it describes how to run iinnssttaallllbboooott. This is immediately following the part which explains how to copy the miniroot from tape. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t Assuming the miniroot is installed on partition `b' of the disk with SCSI-ID 0, then the boot command is: 1xx-Bug> bboo 00,,,,bb:: The command line parameters above are: 00 controller (usually zero) ,,,, bug argument separators bb:: tell the bootstrap code to boot from partition b You should see a bunch of boot messages, followed by mes- sages from the miniroot kernel just as you did when the RAMDISK kernel booted. You will then be prompted to enter the root device. Since the miniroot was booted from the swap partition, you should enter sd0b. You will then be asked for the swap device and file system type. Just press RETURN twice to accept the defaults. When asked to enter a terminal type, either accept the default, or use whatever the TERM environment variable is set to in the shell of your host system: boot device: sd0 root device (default sd0a): ssdd00bb dump device (default sd0b): _(_r_e_t_u_r_n_) file system (default generic): _(_r_e_t_u_r_n_) root on sd0b dumps on sd0b mountroot: trying ffs... root file system type: ffs init: copying out path `/sbin/init' 11 erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C Terminal type? [vt100] _r_e_t_u_r_n Congratulations! The system should now be running the mini- root installation program. _M_i_n_i_r_o_o_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _p_r_o_g_r_a_m_: The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well auto- mated. All recent releases of NetBSD provide the option of using ssyyssiinnsstt instead of the old installation and upgrade shell scripts. At this time, ssyyssiinnsstt is not capable of installing distribution sets from tape. In such a case, you should fallback to the shell script installation or upgrade proce- dure. In all other cases, ssyyssiinnsstt should be used. Note that as soon as ssyyssiinnsstt can deal with tapes, the shell script tools will be removed. The miniroot's install program (both ssyyssiinnsstt and the shell script version) will: ++oo Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. The disk we are installing on should already have been par- titioned using the RAMDISK kernel. Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and file system parameters. If you're unsure what these values should be, use the following defaults: fstype: 4.2BSD fsize: 1024 bsize: 4096 cpg: 16 If the partition will be a swap partition, use the fol- lowing: fstype: swap fsize: 0 (or blank) bsize: 0 (or blank) cpg: 0 (or blank) Note that partition `c' is special; it covers then entire disk and should not be assigned to a file system. The number of partitions is currently fixed at 8. ++oo Create file systems on target partitions. ++oo Allow you to set up your system's network configuration. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of configuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting it for configuration again. ++oo Mount target file systems. You will be given the oppor- tunity to manually edit the resulting _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b. ++oo Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. ++oo Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root file system (_/). ++oo Make device nodes in your root file system under _/_d_e_v. ++oo Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (_/). ++oo Install a new boot block. ++oo Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly dis- couraged. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). -- One 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy. -- A minimum of 4 MB of memory installed. -- An optical drive. -- A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After language selec- tion, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-8.2 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose IInnssttaallll. -- You will be guided through the setup of your disk. -- You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. -- When prompted, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be ok. -- After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select RReebboooott, after you have removed the bootfloppy from the drive. -- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 4. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reason- able amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so, then, the ker- nel boot messages will be displayed. This may take a little while also, as NetBSD will be probing your sys- tem to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the sec- ond, etc. Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes- sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be con- figured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to temporarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation, select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 7. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini- mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 8. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k ++oo Choosing which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, ssyyssiinnsstt will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite these. 9. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. If your disk already has a diskla- bel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap partition has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-h Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the partition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special char- acters. You don't need to remember this name. 10. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 11. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 12. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 17. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 18. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or yyuumm. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 19. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 8.2. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _m_v_m_e_6_8_k_/_8_._2_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx ... _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. ++oo If you did not install it from the ssyyssiinnsstt post- installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file ffttpp::////ffttpp..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 7. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/mvme68k system using the upgrade program in the mini- root or by manually performing the same steps as the mini- root upgrade program. _U_p_g_r_a_d_i_n_g _u_s_i_n_g _t_h_e _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the uuppggrraaddee option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. The upgrade program will: 1. Enable the network based on your system's current net- work configuration. 2. Mount your existing file systems. 3. Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. 4. Fixup your system's existing _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b, changing the occurrences of uuffss to ffffss and let you edit the result- ing file. 5. Make new device nodes in your root file system under _/_d_e_v. 6. Don't forget to extract the kkeerrnn set from the distribu- tion. _N_o_t_e_: The existing kernel _w_i_l_l _n_o_t be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capable of running NetBSD 8.2 executables. 7. Install a new boot block. 8. Check your file systems for integrity. 9. You'll have to reboot your system manually _M_a_n_u_a_l _u_p_g_r_a_d_e While using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following pro- cedure: 1. Place _a_t _l_e_a_s_t the bbaassee binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 8.2 kernel may be incompatible with your old binaries. 2. Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 8.2 ker- nel into your root partition (_/). 3. Reboot with the 8.2 kernel into single-user mode. 4. Check all file systems: # //ssbbiinn//ffsscckk --ppff 5. Mount all local file systems: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --aa --tt nnoonnffss 6. If you keep _/_u_s_r or _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network: # sshh //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nneettwwoorrkk ssttaarrtt 7. Make sure you are in the root file system (_/) and extract the bbaassee binary set: # ccdd // # ppaaxx --zzrrvvppee --ff _/_p_a_t_h_/_t_o_/bbaassee..ttggzz 8. Install a new boot block: # ccdd //uussrr//mmddeecc # ccpp bboooottssdd //..bboooottssdd # ..//iinnssttaallllbboooott //..bboooottssdd bboooottxxxx _r_o_o_t_-_d_i_s_k E.g.: _r_o_o_t_-_d_i_s_k could be _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_a. 9. Sync the file systems: # ssyynncc 10. At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands: # ccdd // # ppaaxx --zzrrvvppee --ff _p_a_t_h___t_o___s_e_t _N_o_t_e_: You _s_h_o_u_l_d _n_o_t extract the eettcc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 8.2. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _5_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s See the section below on upgrading from NetBSD 6.x and 7.x as well. The following users need to be created: ++oo _mdnsd ++oo _tests ++oo _tcpdump ++oo _tss The following groups need to be created: ++oo _mdnsd ++oo _tests ++oo _tcpdump ++oo _tss The implementation of SHA2-HMAC in KAME_IPSEC as used in NetBSD 5.0 and before did not comply with current standards. FAST_IPSEC does, with the result that old and new systems cannot communicate over IPSEC if one of the affected authen- tication algorithms (hmac_sha256, hmac_sha384, hmac_sha512) is used. _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _6_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s See the section on upgrading from NetBSD 7.x as well The following user needs to be created: ++oo _rtadvd The following groups need to be created: ++oo _gpio ++oo _rtadvd _I_s_s_u_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t_i_n_g _a_n _u_p_g_r_a_d_e _f_r_o_m _N_e_t_B_S_D _7_._x _r_e_l_e_a_s_e_s The following user needs to be created: ++oo _unbound ++oo _nsd The following groups need to be created: ++oo _unbound ++oo _nsd UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) WWee aarree...... (in alphabetical order) _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _c_o_r_e _g_r_o_u_p_: Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Silvers _c_h_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _T_h_e _p_o_r_t_m_a_s_t_e_r_s _(_a_n_d _t_h_e_i_r _p_o_r_t_s_)_: Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d aaccoorrnn3322 Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t aallpphhaa Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s aammiiggaa Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s aammiiggaappppcc Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a aarrcc Julian Coleman _j_d_c aattaarrii Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r cceessffiicc Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r ccoobbaalltt Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a eemmiippss Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b eevvbbmmiippss Steve Woodford _s_c_w eevvbbppppcc Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i eewwss44880000mmiippss Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i hhpp330000 Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l hhppppaa Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e hhppccsshh Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t iibbmmnnwwss Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n iiyyoonniixx Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e llaannddiisskk Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i lluunnaa6688kk Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r mmaacc6688kk Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n mmaaccppppcc Steve Woodford _s_c_w mmvvmmee6688kk Steve Woodford _s_c_w mmvvmmeeppppcc Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t nneettwwiinnddeerr Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i nneewwss6688kk Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d ooffppppcc Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b ppmmaaxx Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d pprreepp Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d rrss66000000 Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a ssaannddppooiinntt Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b ssbbmmiippss S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n ssggiimmiippss SAITOH Masanobu _m_s_a_i_t_o_h sshh33 Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n ssppaarrcc6644 Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e vvaaxx NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s xx6688kk Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r xxeenn _T_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _8_._2 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _E_n_g_i_n_e_e_r_i_n_g _t_e_a_m_: Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair G. Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g SAITOH Masanobu _m_s_a_i_t_o_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r_s_: Hikaru Abe _h_i_k_a_r_u_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathan Ahlstrom _n_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Allen _w_o_r_m_e_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jukka Andberg _j_a_n_d_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Assange _p_r_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lennart Augustsson _a_u_g_u_s_t_s_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Zafer Aydogan _z_a_f_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christoph Badura _b_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Balmer _m_b_a_l_m_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bang Jun-Young _j_u_n_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dieter Baron _d_i_l_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert V. Baron _r_v_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alan Barrett _a_p_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Grant Beattie _g_r_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Berls _c_y_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroyuki Bessho _b_s_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Birrell _j_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rafal Boni _r_a_f_a_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stephen Borrill _s_b_o_r_r_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sean Boudreau _s_e_a_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Manuel Bouyer _b_o_u_y_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Allen Briggs _b_r_i_g_g_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Brinicombe _m_a_r_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aaron Brown _a_b_r_o_w_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andrew Brown _a_t_a_t_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Brownlee _a_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jon Buller _j_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon Burge _s_i_m_o_n_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Byrnes _b_y_r_n_e_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pavel Cahyna _p_a_v_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g D'Arcy J.M. Cain _d_a_r_c_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Taylor R. Campbell _r_i_a_s_t_r_a_d_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Carosone _d_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dave Carrel _c_a_r_r_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g James Chacon _j_m_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mihai Chelaru _k_e_f_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aleksey Cheusov _c_h_e_u_s_o_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Coldwell _b_i_l_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sean Cole _s_c_o_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julian Coleman _j_d_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marcus Comstedt _m_a_r_c_u_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy Cooper _j_e_r_e_m_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Cort _t_c_o_r_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Cranor _c_h_u_c_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alistair Crooks _a_g_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masatake Daimon _p_h_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johan Danielsson _j_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Darrow _j_d_a_r_r_o_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jed Davis _j_l_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt DeBergalis _d_e_b_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Degroote _d_e_g_r_o_o_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Felix Deichmann _f_l_x_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Deker _d_e_k_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris G. Demetriou _c_g_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tracy Di Marco White _g_e_n_d_a_l_i_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jarom'ir Dolecek _j_d_o_l_e_c_e_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andy Doran _a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Dowdeswell _e_l_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steven Drake _s_b_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Emmanuel Dreyfus _m_a_n_u_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Drochner _d_r_o_c_h_n_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun Ebihara _j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Elad Efrat _e_l_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hoavard Eidnes _h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jaime A Fournier _o_b_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Stoned Elipot _s_e_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael van Elst _m_l_e_l_s_t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Elz _k_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Enami Tsugutomo _e_n_a_m_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernd Ernesti _v_e_e_g_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Erik Fair _f_a_i_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gavan Fantom _g_a_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hauke Fath _h_a_u_k_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hubert Feyrer _h_u_b_e_r_t_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason R. Fink _j_r_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt J. Fleming _m_j_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marty Fouts _m_a_r_t_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Liam J. Foy _l_i_a_m_j_f_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Fredette _f_r_e_d_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thorsten Frueauf _f_r_u_e_a_u_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Castor Fu _c_a_s_t_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hisashi Todd Fujinaka _h_t_o_d_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Makoto Fujiwara _m_e_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ichiro Fukuhara _i_c_h_i_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Quentin Garnier _c_u_b_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Gerner _t_h_o_m_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simon J. Gerraty _s_j_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Justin Gibbs _g_i_b_b_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Gilbert _c_h_r_i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Gillespie _e_p_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brian Ginsbach _g_i_n_s_b_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Oliver V. Gould _v_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Goyette _p_g_o_y_e_t_t_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Graff _e_x_p_l_o_r_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Green _m_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Andreas Gustafsson _g_s_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ulrich Habel _r_h_a_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino _i_t_o_j_u_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g HAMAJIMA Katsuomi _h_a_m_a_j_i_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adam Hamsik _h_a_a_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Juergen Hannken-Illjes _h_a_n_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Charles M. Hannum _m_y_c_r_o_f_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Yorick Hardy _y_h_a_r_d_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ben Harris _b_j_h_2_1_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kenichi Hashimoto _h_k_e_n_k_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eric Haszlakiewicz _e_r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Hawkinson _j_h_a_w_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Emile Heitor _i_m_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Heasley _h_e_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lars Heidieker _p_a_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Geert Hendrickx _g_h_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wen Heping _w_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ren'e Hexel _r_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Iain Hibbert _p_l_u_n_k_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kouichirou Hiratsuka _h_i_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael L. Hitch _m_h_i_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g 'Ad'am H'oka _a_h_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jachym Holecek _f_r_e_z_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David A. Holland _d_h_o_l_l_a_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian E. Hopps _c_h_o_p_p_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Horecki _m_o_r_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Hornstein _k_e_n_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Horowitz _m_a_r_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Eduardo Horvath _e_e_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nick Hudson _s_k_r_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shell Hung _s_h_e_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darran Hunt _d_a_r_r_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin Husemann _m_a_r_t_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dean Huxley _d_e_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Love Hoernquist oAstrand _l_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roland Illig _r_i_l_l_i_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bernardo Innocenti _b_e_r_n_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tetsuya Isaki _i_s_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g ITOH Yasufumi _i_t_o_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g IWAMOTO Toshihiro _t_o_s_h_i_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Jacob _m_j_a_c_o_b_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Soren Jacobsen _s_n_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sevan Janiyan _s_e_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj _l_o_n_h_y_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darrin Jewell _d_b_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nicolas Joly _n_j_o_l_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S/oren J/orvang _s_o_r_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takahiro Kambe _t_a_c_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antti Kantee _p_o_o_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Kardel _k_a_r_d_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g KAWAMOTO Yosihisa _k_a_w_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Min Sik Kim _m_i_n_s_k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g KIYOHARA Takashi _k_i_y_o_h_a_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thomas Klausner _w_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Klaus Klein _k_l_e_i_n_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Klos _j_k_l_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wayne Knowles _w_d_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takayoshi Kochi _k_o_c_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mateusz Kocielski _s_h_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan A. Kollasch _j_a_k_l_l_s_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joseph Koshy _j_k_o_s_h_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Radoslaw Kujawa _r_k_u_j_a_w_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jochen Kunz _j_k_u_n_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martti Kuparinen _m_a_r_t_t_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Lacombe _a_l_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kevin Lahey _k_m_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Laight _d_s_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Johnny C. Lam _j_l_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Guillaume Lasmayous _g_l_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Martin J. Laubach _m_j_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Lehey _g_r_o_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ted Lemon _m_e_l_l_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christian Limpach _c_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank van der Linden _f_v_d_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joel Lindholm _j_o_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tonnerre Lombard _t_o_n_n_e_r_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike Long _m_i_k_e_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sergio Lopez _s_l_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Lorenz _m_a_c_a_l_l_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Warner Losh _i_m_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tomasz Luchowski _z_u_n_t_u_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Federico Lupi _f_e_d_e_r_i_c_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Palle Lyckegaard _p_a_l_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brett Lymn _b_l_y_m_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g MAEKAWA Masahide _g_e_h_e_n_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Anders Magnusson _r_a_g_g_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Anthony Mallet _t_h_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Marino _m_a_r_i_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Roy Marples _r_o_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pedro Martelletto _p_e_d_r_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Cherry G. Mathew _c_h_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Maxwell _d_a_v_i_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gregory McGarry _g_m_c_g_a_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Dan McMahill _d_m_c_m_a_h_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jared D. McNeill _j_m_c_n_e_i_l_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Neil J. McRae _n_e_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Julio M. Merino Vidal _j_m_m_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Perry Metzger _p_e_r_r_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Luke Mewburn _l_u_k_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jean-Yves Migeon _j_y_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Brook Milligan _b_r_o_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Minoura Makoto _m_i_n_o_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Simas Mockevicius _s_y_m_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ryosuke Moro _s_z_p_t_v_l_f_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g der Mouse _m_o_u_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Youri Mouton _y_o_u_r_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Constantine A. Murenin _c_n_s_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joseph Myers _j_s_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tuomo Maekinen _t_j_a_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Zolt'an Arnold NAGY _z_o_l_t_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kengo NAKAHARA _k_n_a_k_a_h_a_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ken Nakata _k_e_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takeshi Nakayama _n_a_k_a_y_a_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Alexander Nasonov _a_l_n_s_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Phil Nelson _p_h_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Nemeth _j_n_e_m_e_t_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lourival Pereira Vieira Neto _l_n_e_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NISHIMURA Takeshi _n_s_m_r_t_k_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tohru Nishimura _n_i_s_i_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g NONAKA Kimihiro _n_o_n_a_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takehiko NOZAKI _t_n_o_z_a_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tobias Nygren _t_n_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OBATA Akio _o_b_a_c_h_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jesse Off _j_o_f_f_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tatoku Ogaito _t_a_c_h_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g OKANO Takayoshi _k_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masaru Oki _o_k_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rin Okuyama _r_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ryo ONODERA _r_y_o_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Atsushi Onoe _o_n_o_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Oster _o_s_t_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ryota Ozaki _o_z_a_k_i_-_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jonathan Perkin _s_k_e_t_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Fredrik Pettai _p_e_t_t_a_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Herb Peyerl _h_p_e_y_e_r_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Pfaller _m_a_t_t_h_i_a_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Pinnock _c_j_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adrian Portelli _a_d_r_i_a_n_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Pierre Pronchery _k_h_o_r_b_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chris Provenzano _p_r_o_v_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Maya Rashish _m_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mindaugas Rasiukevicius _r_m_i_n_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nils Ratusznik _n_i_l_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Michael Rauch _m_r_a_u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Marc Recht _r_e_c_h_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Darren Reed _d_a_r_r_e_n_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeremy C. Reed _r_e_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jens Rehsack _s_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Antoine Reilles _t_o_n_i_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tyler R. Retzlaff _r_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Scott Reynolds _s_c_o_t_t_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Rightnour _g_a_r_b_l_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Rizzo _r_i_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hans Rosenfeld _h_a_n_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Rumble _r_u_m_b_l_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rumko _r_u_m_k_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jukka Ruohonen _j_r_u_o_h_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kamil Rytarowski _k_a_m_i_l_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Blair J. Sadewitz _b_j_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Sainty _d_s_a_i_n_t_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g SAITOH Masanobu _m_s_a_i_t_o_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kazuki Sakamoto _s_a_k_a_m_o_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Guilherme Salazar _s_a_l_a_z_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Curt Sampson _c_j_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wilfredo Sanchez _w_s_a_n_c_h_e_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ty Sarna _t_s_a_r_n_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g SATO Kazumi _s_a_t_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jan Schaumann _j_s_c_h_a_u_m_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthias Scheler _t_r_o_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Silke Scheler _s_i_l_k_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Karl Schilke (rAT) _r_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Amitai Schlair _s_c_h_m_o_n_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Konrad Schroder _p_e_r_s_e_a_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Georg Schwarz _s_c_h_w_a_r_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lubomir Sedlacik _s_a_l_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christopher SEKIYA _s_e_k_i_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Reed Shadgett _d_e_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g John Shannon _s_h_a_n_n_o_n_j_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Shepard _s_h_e_p_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Naoto Shimazaki _i_g_y_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ryo Shimizu _r_y_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takao Shinohara _s_h_i_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Takuya SHIOZAKI _t_s_h_i_o_z_a_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Daniel Sieger _d_s_i_e_g_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Chuck Silvers _c_h_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Thor Lancelot Simon _t_l_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathanial Sloss _n_a_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jeff Smith _j_e_f_f_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Noriyuki Soda _s_o_d_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Wolfgang Solfrank _w_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Joerg Sonnenberger _j_o_e_r_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Ignatios Souvatzis _i_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g T K Spindler _d_o_g_c_o_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matthew Sporleder _m_s_p_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Squier _g_r_o_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Adrian Steinmann _a_s_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Bill Studenmund _w_r_s_t_u_d_e_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroki Suenaga _h_s_u_e_n_a_g_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kevin Sullivan _s_u_l_l_i_v_a_n_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Kimmo Suominen _k_i_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Gr'egoire Sutre _g_s_u_t_r_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sergey Svishchev _s_h_a_t_t_e_r_e_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Robert Swindells _r_j_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Leonardo Taccari _l_e_o_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shin Takemura _t_a_k_e_m_u_r_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g TAMURA Kent _k_e_n_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shin'ichiro TAYA _t_a_y_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hasso Tepper _h_a_s_s_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Matt Thomas _m_a_t_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jason Thorpe _t_h_o_r_p_e_j_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Hiroshi Tokuda _h_i_r_o_s_h_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christoph Toshok _t_o_s_h_o_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tam'as T'oth _t_t_o_t_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Greg Troxel _g_d_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tsubai Masanari _t_s_u_b_a_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Izumi Tsutsui _t_s_u_t_s_u_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g UCHIYAMA Yasushi _u_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Masao Uebayashi _u_e_b_a_y_a_s_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Shuichiro URATA _u_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Valeriy E. Ushakov _u_w_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Todd Vierling _t_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Maxime Villard _m_a_x_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Aymeric Vincent _a_y_m_e_r_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Paul Vixie _v_i_x_i_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mike M. Volokhov _m_i_s_h_k_a_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Krister Walfridsson _k_r_i_s_t_e_r_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Mark Weinem _w_e_i_n_e_m_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Lex Wennmacher _w_e_n_n_m_a_c_h_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Leo Weppelman _l_e_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Assar Westerlund _a_s_s_a_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Sebastian Wiedenroth _w_i_e_d_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Frank Wille _p_h_x_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Nathan Williams _n_a_t_h_a_n_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Rob Windsor _w_i_n_d_s_o_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Jim Wise _j_w_i_s_e_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Colin Wood _e_n_d_e_r_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Steve Woodford _s_c_w_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g YAMAMOTO Takashi _y_a_m_t_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Abhinav Upadhyay _a_b_h_i_n_a_v_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Yuji Yamano _y_y_a_m_a_n_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g David Young _d_y_o_u_n_g_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Arnaud Ysmal _s_t_a_c_k_t_i_c_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Reinoud Zandijk _r_e_i_n_o_u_d_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g S.P.Zeidler _s_p_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Tim Zingelman _t_e_z_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g Christos Zoulas _c_h_r_i_s_t_o_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See http://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes software developed by Intel Corpora- tion and its contributors. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. 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This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). This software includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by Computing Ser- vices at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/com- puting/). This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD May 13, 2019 NetBSD