The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cold Snap, by Edward Bellamy

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: The Cold Snap
       1898

Author: Edward Bellamy

Release Date: September 21, 2007 [EBook #22715]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COLD SNAP ***




Produced by David Widger





THE COLD SNAP

By Edward Bellamy

1898


In the extremes of winter and summer, when the weather is either
extraordinarily cold or hot, I confess to experiencing a peculiar sense
of helplessness and vague uneasiness. I have a feeling that a trifling
additional rise or fall of temperature, such as might be caused by any
slight hitch in the machinery of the universe, would quite crowd mankind
out of existence. To be sure, the hitch never has occurred, but what
if it should? Conscious that I have about reached the limit of my own
endurance, the thought of the bare contingency is unpleasant enough to
cause a feeling of relief, not altogether physical, when the rising
or falling mercury begins to turn. The consciousness how wholly by
sufferance it is that man exists at all on the earth is rather forcibly
borne in upon the mind at such times. The spaces above and below zero
are indefinite.

I have to take my vacations as the fluctuations of a rather exacting
business permit, and so it happened that I was, with my wife, passing a
fortnight in the coldest part of winter at the family homestead in New
England. The ten previous days had been very cold, and the cold had "got
into the house," which means that it had so penetrated and chilled the
very walls and timbers that a cold day now took hold of us as it had not
earlier in the season. Finally there came a day that was colder than any
before it. The credit of discovering and first asserting that it was the
coldest day of the season is due to myself,--no slight distinction in
the country, where the weather is always a more prominent topic than
in the city, and the weather-wise are accordingly esteemed. Every one
hastened to corroborate this verdict with some piece of evidence. Mother
said that the frost had not gone off the kitchen window nearest the
stove in all the day, and that was a sign. The sleighs and sledges as
they went by in the road creaked on the snow, so that we heard them
through the double windows, and that was a sign; while the teamsters
swung their benumbed arms like the sails of a windmill to keep up the
circulation, and the frozen vapor puffed out from the horses' nostrils
in a manner reminding one of the snorting coursers in sensational
pictures. The schoolboys on their way from school did not stop to play,
and that was a sign. No women had been seen on the street since noon.
Young men, as they hurried past on the peculiar high-stepping trot
of persons who have their hands over their ears, looked strangely
antiquated with their mustaches and beards all grizzled with the frost.

Toward dusk I took a short run to the post-office. I was well wrapped
up, but that did not prevent me from having very singular sensations
before I got home. The air, as I stepped out from cover, did not seem
like air at all, but like some almost solid medium, whose impact was
like a blow. It went right through my overcoat at the first assault, and
nosed about hungrily for my little spark of vital heat. A strong wind
with the flavor of glaciers was blowing straight from the pole. How
inexpressibly bleak was the aspect of the leaden clouds that were banked
up around the horizon! I shivered as I looked at the sullen masses. The
houses seemed little citadels against the sky. I had not taken fifty
steps before my face stiffened into a sort of mask, so that it hurt
me to move the facial muscles. I came home on an undignified run,
experiencing a lively sense of the inadequacy of two hands to protect
two ears and a nose. Did the Creator intend man to inhabit high
latitudes?

At nightfall father, Bill, and Jim, the two latter being my younger
brothers, arrived from their offices, each in succession declaring, with
many "whews" and "ughs," that it was by all odds the coldest night yet.
Undeniably we all felt proud of it, too. A spirited man rather welcomes
ten or fifteen degrees extra, if so be they make the temperature
superlatively low; while he would very likely grumble at a much less
positive chilliness coupled with the disheartening feeling that he was
enduring nothing extraordinary. The general exaltation of spirit
and suspension of the conventionalities for the time being, which an
extraordinarily, hot or cold snap produces in a community, especially in
the country, is noteworthy. During that run of mine to the post-office
every man I met grinned confidentially, as if to say, "We 're hearty
fellows to stand it as we do." We regarded each other with an increase
of mutual respect. That sense of fellowship which springs up between
those associated in an emergency seemed to dispense with ordinary
formalities, and neighbors with whom I had not a bowing acquaintance
fairly beamed on me as we passed.

After tea Ella (Ella was a sister) got the evening paper out of
somebody's overcoat, and was running it over in the dainty, skimming
fashion peculiar to the gentler sex when favoring the press with their
attention. It reminds one of sea-birds skimming the water, and anon
diving for a tidbit. She read aloud: "Old Prob. reports another cold
wave on the way East. It will probably reach the New England States this
evening. The thermometers along its course range from 40 deg. below zero
at Fort Laramie, to 38 deg. in Omaha, 31 deg. in Chicago, and 30 deg. in Cleveland.
Numerous cases of death by freezing are reported. Our readers will do
well to put an extra shovelful on the furnace overnight."

"Don't forget that, Jim," said father.

A gentleman friend called to take Ella out to a concert or something
of the sort. Her mother was for having her give it up on account of the
cold. But it so happens that young people, who, having life before them,
can much better afford than their elders to forego particular pleasures,
are much less resigned to doing so. The matter was compromised by piling
so many wraps upon her that she protested it was like being put to bed.
But, before they had been gone fifteen minutes, they were back again,
half frozen. It had proved so shockingly cold they had not dared to
keep on, and persuaded themselves accordingly that the entertainment had
probably been postponed. The streets were entirely deserted; not even a
policeman was visible, and the chilled gas in the street lamps gave but
a dull light.

Ella proposed to give us our regular evening treat of music, but found
the corner of the room where the melodeon stood too cold. Generally the
room is warm in every part, and Jim got upbraided for keeping a poor
fire. But he succeeded in proving that it was better than common; the
weather was the matter. As the evening wore on, the members of the
family gradually edged around the register, finally radiating from it as
a centre like the spokes of a wheel, of which the collected feet of the
group made the hub.

My wife is from the Southern States; and the huge cold of the North had
been a new and rather terrifying experience to her. She had been growing
nervous all the evening, as the signs and portents of the weather
accumulated. She was really half frightened.

"Aren't you afraid it will get so cold it will never be able to get warm
again,--and then what would become of us?" she asked.

Of course we laughed at her, but I think her fears infected me with
a slight, vague anxiety, as the evidences of extraordinary and still
increasing cold went on multiplying. I had so far gotten over my bravado
earlier in the evening that I should have been secretly relieved if the
thermometer had taken a turn.

At length, one by one, the members of the family, with an anticipatory
shiver over the register, went to their rooms, and were doubtless in bed
in the shortest possible time, and I fear without saying their prayers.
Finally my wife suggested that we had better go before we got too cold
to do so.

The bedroom was shockingly cold. Going to bed is a test of character.
I pride myself on the fact that generally, even when my room is cold,
I can, with steady nerve and resolute hand, remove the last habiliment,
and without undignified precipitation reach for and indue the nocturnal
garment, I admit, however, that on this occasion I gave way to a weak
irresolution at the critical instant and shivered for some moments in
constantly increasing demoralization, before I could make up my mind
to the final change. Then ensued the slow and gradual conquest of the
frozen bed to a tolerable warmth, a result attained only by clever
strategic combinations of bedclothes and the most methodical policy. As
I lay awake, I heard the sides of the house crack in the cold. "What,"
said I to myself with a shiver, "should I do if anything happened that
required me to get up and dress again?" It seemed to me I should be
capable of letting a man die in the next room for need of succor.
Being of an imaginative temperament, not to feel prepared for possible
contingencies is for me to feel guilty and miserable. The last thing
I remember before dropping off to sleep was solemnly promising my wife
never to trust ourselves North another winter. I then fell asleep and
dreamed of the ineffable cold of the interstellar spaces, which the
scientific people talk about.

The next thing I was sensible of was a feeling of the most utter
discomfort I ever experienced. My whole body had become gradually
chilled through. I could feel the flesh rising in goose pimples at every
movement. What has happened? was my first thought. The bedclothes were
all there, four inches of them, and to find myself shivering under
such a pile seemed a reversal of the laws of nature. Shivering is an
unpleasant operation at best and at briefest; but when one has shivered
till the flesh is lame, and every quiver is a racking; aching pain, that
is something quite different from any ordinary shivering. My wife was
awake and in the same condition. What did I ever bring her to this
terrible country for? She had been lying as still as possible for an
hour or so, waiting till she should die or something; and feeling that
if she stirred she should freeze, as water near the freezing point
crystallizes when agitated. She said that when I had disturbed the
clothes by any movement, she had felt like hating me. We were both
almost scared, it must be confessed. Such an experience had never been
ours before. In voices muffled by the bedclothes we held dismal confab,
and concluded that we must make our way to the sitting-room and get over
the register.

I have had my share of unpleasant duties to face in my life. I remember
how I felt at Spottsylvania when I stepped up and out from behind a
breastwork of fence rails, over which the bullets were whistling like
hailstones, to charge the enemy. Worse still, I remember how I felt at
one or two public banquets when I rose from my seat to reply to a toast,
and to meet the gaze of a hundred expectant faces with an overpowering
consciousness of looking like a fool, and of total inability to do or
say anything which would not justify the presumption. But never did an
act of my life call for so much of sheer will-power as stepping out of
that comfortless bed into that freezing room. It is a general rule in
getting up winter mornings that the air never proves so cold as was
anticipated while lying warm in bed. But it did this time, probably
because my system was deprived of all elasticity and power of reaction
by being so thoroughly chilled. Hastily donning in the dark what was
absolutely necessary, my poor wife and myself, with chattering teeth and
prickly bodies, the most thoroughly demoralized couple in history, ran
downstairs to the sitting-room.

Much to our surprise, we found the gas lighted and the other members of
the family already gathered there, huddling over the register. I felt
a sinking at the heart as I marked the strained, anxious look on each
face, a look that asked what strange thing had come upon us. They had
been there, they said, for some time. Ella, Jim, and Bill, who slept
alone, had been the first to leave their beds. Then father and mother,
and finally my wife and I, had followed. Soon after our arrival there
was a fumbling at the door, and the two Irish girls, who help mother
keep house, put in their blue, pinched faces. They scarcely waited an
invitation to come up to the register.

The room was but dimly lighted, for the gas, affected by the fearful
chill, was flowing slowly and threatened to go out. The gloom added to
the depressing effect of our strange situation. Little was said. The
actual occurrence of strange and unheard-of events excites very much
less wonderment than the account of them written or rehearsed. Indeed,
the feeling of surprise often seems wholly left out of the mental
experience of those who undergo or behold the most prodigious
catastrophes. The sensibility to the marvelous is the one of our
faculties which is, perhaps, the soonest exhausted by a strain. Human
nature takes naturally to miracles, after all. "What can it mean?" was
the inquiry a dozen times on the lips of each one of us, but beyond
that, I recall little that was said. Bill, who was the joker of the
family, had essayed a jest or two at first on our strange predicament,
but they had been poorly received. The discomfort was too serious,
and the extraordinary nature of the visitation filled every mind with
nameless forebodings and a great, unformed fear.

We asked each other if our neighbors were all in the same plight with
ourselves. They must be, of course, and many of them far less prepared
to meet it. There might be whole families in the last extremity of cold
right about us. I went to the window, and with my knife scraped away
the rime of frost, an eighth of an inch thick, which obscured it, till
I could see out. A whitish-gray light was on the landscape. Every object
seemed still, with a quite peculiar stillness that might be called
intense. From the chimneys of some of the houses around thick columns of
smoke and sparks were pouring, showing that the fires were being crowded
below. Other chimneys showed no smoke at all. Here and there a dull
light shone from a window. There was no other sign of life anywhere. The
streets were absolutely empty. No one suggested trying to communicate
with other houses. This was a plight in which human concourse could
avail nothing.

After piling all the coal on the furnace it would hold, the volume of
heat rising from the register was such as to singe the clothes of those
over it, while those waiting their turn were shivering a few feet off.
The men of course yielded the nearest places to the women, and, as
we walked briskly up and down in the room, the frost gathered on our
mustaches. The morning, we said, would bring relief, but none of us
fully believed it, for the strange experience we were enduring appeared
to imply a suspension of the ordinary course of nature.

A number of cats and dogs, driven from their accustomed haunts by the
intense cold, had gathered under the windows, and there piteously moaned
and whined for entrance.

Swiftly it grew colder. The iron casing of the register was cold in
spite of the volume of heat pouring through it. Every point or surface
of metal in the room was covered with a thick coating of frost. The
frost even settled upon a few filaments of cobweb in the corners of the
room which had escaped the housemaid's broom, and which now shone like
hidden sins in the day of judgment. The door-knob, mop-boards, and
wooden casings of the room glistened. We were so chilled that woolen was
as cold to the touch as wood or iron. There being no more any heat in
our bodies, the non-conducting quality of a substance was no appreciable
advantage. To avoid the greater cold near the floor, several of our
number got upon the tables, presenting, with their feet tucked under
them, an aspect that would have been sufficiently laughable under other
circumstances. But, as a rule, fun does not survive the freezing point.
Every few moments the beams of the house snapped like the timbers of a
straining ship, and at intervals the frozen ground cracked with a noise
like cannon,--the hyperborean earthquake.

A ruddy light shone against the windows. Bill went and rubbed away the
ice. A neighbor's house was burning. It was one of those whose chimneys
were vomiting forth sparks when I had looked out before. There was
promise of an extensive conflagration. Nobody appeared in the streets,
and, as there were intervening houses, we could not see what became
of the inmates. The very slight interest which this threatening
conflagration aroused in our minds was doubtless a mark of the already
stupefying effect of the cold. Even our voices had become weak and
altered.

The cold is a sad enemy to beauty. My poor wife and Ella, with their
pinched faces, strained, aching expression, red, rheumy eyes and noses,
and blue or pallid cheeks were sad parodies on their comely selves.
Other forces of nature have in them something the spirit of man can
sympathize with, as the wind, the waves, the sun; but there is something
terribly inhuman about the cold. I can imagine it as a congenial
principle brooding over the face of chaos in the aeons before light was.

Hours had passed, it might have been years, when father said, "Let us
pray." He knelt down, and we all mechanically followed his example, as
from childhood up we had done at morning and evening. Ever before, the
act had seemed merely a fit and graceful ceremony, from which no one had
expected anything in particular to follow, or had experienced aught save
the placid reaction that commonly results from a devotional act. But
now the meaning so long latent became eloquent. The morning and evening
ceremony became the sole resource in an imminent and fearful emergency.
There was a familiar strangeness about the act under these circumstances
which touched us all. With me, as with most, something of the feeling
implied in the adage, "Familiarity breeds contempt," had impaired my
faith in the practical efficacy of prayer. How could extraordinary
results be expected from so common an instrumentality, and especially
from so ordinary and every-day a thing as family prayer? Our faith in
the present instance was also not a little lessened by the peculiar
nature of the visitation. In any ordinary emergency God might help us,
but we had a sort of dim apprehension that even He could not do anything
in such weather. So far as humbleness was concerned, there was no
lack of that. There are some inflictions which, although terrible, are
capable of stirring in haughty human hearts a rebellious indignation.
But to cold succumb soul and mind. It has always seemed to me that cold
would have broken down Milton's Satan. I felt as if I could grovel to be
vouchsafed a moment's immunity from the gripe of the savage frost.

Owing to the sustaining power there is in habit, the participation in
family devotions proved strengthening to us all. In emergencies, we get
back from our habits the mental and moral vigor that first went to their
formation, and has since remained on interest.

It is not the weakest who succumb first to cold, as was strikingly
proved in our experience. The prostration of the faculties may be
long postponed by the power of the will. All assaults on human nature,
whether of cold, exhaustion, terror, or any other kind, respect the
dignity of the mind, and await its capitulation before finally storming
the stronghold of life. I am as strong in physique as men average, but
I gave out before my mother. The voices of mother and Bill, as they took
counsel for our salvation, fell on my ears like an idle sound. This was
the crisis of the night.

The next thing I knew, Bill was urging us to eat some beefsteak and
bread. The former, I afterward learned, he had got out of the pantry
and cooked over the furnace fire. It was about five o'clock, and we had
eaten nothing for nearly twelve hours. The general exhaustion of our
powers had prevented a natural appetite from making itself felt, but
mother had suggested that we should try food, and it saved us. It was
still fearfully cold, but the danger was gone as soon as we felt the
reviving effect of the food. An ounce of food is worth a pound of
blankets. Trying to warm the body from the outside is working at a
tremendous disadvantage. It was a strange picnic as, perched on chairs
and tables in the dimly lighted room, we munched our morsels, or warmed
the frozen bread over the register. After this, some of us got a little
sleep.

I shall never forget my sensations when, at last, I looked out at the
eastern window and saw the rising sun. The effect was indeed peculiarly
splendid, for the air was full of particles of ice, and the sun had the
effect of shining through a mist of diamond dust. Bill had dosed us with
whiskey, and perhaps it had got into our heads, for I shouted, and my
wife cried. It was, at the end of the weary night, like the first sight
of our country's flag when returning from a foreign world.







End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Cold Snap, by Edward Bellamy

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COLD SNAP ***

***** This file should be named 22715.txt or 22715.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/7/1/22715/

Produced by David Widger

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.