The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rabbits, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rabbits Author: E. Raymond Hall Keith R. Kelson Release Date: May 19, 2009 [EBook #28874] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY SOME NORTH AMERICAN RABBITS *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Greg Bergquist and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rabbits BY E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 5, No. 5, pp. 49-58 October 1, 1951 University of Kansas LAWRENCE 1951 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson Volume 5, No. 5, pp. 49-58 October 1, 1951 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1951 [Illustration] 23-7436 Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rabbits BY E. RAYMOND HALL AND KEITH R. KELSON In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American lagomorphs, some conflicting statements in the literature have led us to examine the pertinent specimens of the Florida cottontail and the Audubon cottontail with results as given below. The study here reported upon was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas (NR 161-791). Unless otherwise indicated, catalogue numbers are of the United States National Museum and most of the specimens are in the Biological Surveys collection of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Grateful acknowledgment is made to persons in charge of the collections for permission to use the collections under their charge. Sylvilagus floridanus similis Nelson 1907. _Sylvilagus floridanus similis_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:82, July 22. Some confusion has existed concerning the subspecific identity of the Florida cottontail in Nebraska because of the way in which Nelson recorded specimens in his "The Rabbits of North America" (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:fig. 11, and pp. 169-174, August 31, 1909). He (_op. cit._:174) listed the following specimens under the western subspecies, _S. f. similis_: Two topotypes (Nos. 87784 and 18738/25532) and of course the type; the specimen (No. 116288) from the Snake River [= Snake Creek of maps], 11 mi. NW Kennedy; two from Neligh (126074 and 151438); and one (probably 18680/25410) from Kennedy. But, he listed (_op. cit._:172) under _S. f. mearnsi_, the eastern subspecies, a specimen (10721) from Brownlee, and two from Kennedy. One of the two from Kennedy probably was the one that is recorded in the files of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as "identified by Cary. spec. in Univ. Nebraska". The other, or third, specimen from Kennedy, we judge, did not exist at all but was recorded by Nelson because a card in the reference file, under Kennedy, Nebraska, in addition to No. 18680/25410, carried a second entry, a number 3471X. The latter is the X-catalogue number of specimen No. 116288 from the Snake River! The X-catalogue is used in place of a field catalogue for specimens sent to the mammal collection of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, by persons who do not keep regular field numbers of their own. It seems that Nelson prepared (or had prepared) his lists of specimens, at least in part, from cards rather than from the labels on the specimens themselves. Some further confusion as to names that Nelson intended to apply to cottontails in Nebraska resulted from the fact that his map (_op. cit._:fig. 11) indicated that the localities mentioned above for _S. f. mearnsi_ were within the geographic range of _S. f. similis_. Our comparison of each of the Nebraskan specimens with specimens of _S. f. mearnsi_ in comparable pelage from Iowa and with the type and topotypes of _S. f. similis_ reveals that each of the specimens of which catalogue numbers are given above is clearly referable to _Sylvilagus floridanus similis_. Because some mammalogists have suspected that intergradation between _Sylvilagus floridanus similis_ and _Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri_ occurs along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, we have examined specimens which may throw light on this matter. From _S. f. similis_ (holotype and three topotypes), _S. n. grangeri_ (eight practical topotypes from Redfern, South Dakota) differ as follows: Throat patch darker; hind foot shorter; ear (dry) from notch longer; rostrum narrower; posterior extension of supraorbital process enclosing a longer and wider space between it and the braincase; superior border of premaxilla straight in profile instead of convex dorsally; tympanic bullae more inflated; external auditory meatus larger (diameter of the meatus more, instead of less, than crown length of upper molars); posterior border of palate without, instead of with, spine. Specimens of the two species from places as near each other as extreme southeastern Montana (_S. f. similis_ from Boxelder Creek, Capitol and the Little Missouri River) and Devils Tower, Wyoming (_S. n. grangeri_), seem not to differ in the length of the hind foot and the ear and in the color of the spot on the chest. Also, the presence or absence of the spine on the posterior margin of the palate is subject to individual variation in these specimens but the other cranial differences, mentioned above, still are apparent. These same cranial differences are readily apparent between specimens of the two species taken only five miles apart in eastern Wyoming (for the precise localities, see the following paragraph). It is concluded, therefore, that _S. f. similis_ and _S. n. grangeri_ do not inter-grade along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Data on specimens from Laramie County in eastern Wyoming show that _S. f. similis_ is a heavier animal than _S. n. grangeri_ and also that _similis_ molts earlier. For example, an adult female (K.U. No. 15936) taken on July 13, 1945, three miles east of Horse Creek P.O., 6400 ft., weighed 1374 grams and is in fresh pelage, whereas an adult female of _S. n. grangeri_ (K.U. No. 15935), taken on July 17, 1945, two miles west of Horse Creek P.O., 6600 ft., weighed only 1149 grams, and still has some of the worn winter pelage on the upper parts. Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri (Mearns) 1896. _Lepus sylvaticus holzneri_ Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18:554, June 24. 1904. _Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri_, Lyon, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., 45:336, June 15. Examination of cottontail rabbits from Arizona in the Biological Surveys Collection and the United States National Museum indicates that _Sylvilagus audubonii_ can be distinguished from _Sylvilagus nuttallii_ and _Sylvilagus floridanus_ by the larger (more inflated) tympanic bullae. Topotypes of _Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis_ and other specimens from Alpine, Mt. Thomas, Springerville, the Prieto Plateau at 9000 feet on the south end of the Blue Range, and the Tunitcha Mountains are characterized by a posteriorly pointed supraoccipital shield and a long, wide space between the braincase and the posterior extension of the supraorbital process. The cottontails with equally small tympanic bullae from more western and more southern localities are referable to _Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri_ on the basis of a posteriorly truncate or emarginate supraoccipital shield and a narrower and shorter space (usually a "foramen") between the braincase and the posterior extension of the supraorbital process. In _S. f. holzneri_ the posterior end of the posterior process fuses with the braincase whereas the posterior end of this process in Arizonan specimens of _S. n. pinetis_ merely lies against the braincase or projects free of it. In specimens from Arizona the difference in shape of the posterior border of the supraoccipital shield and the difference in size of the space between the braincase and the posterior extension of the supraorbital process are the only differences of taxonomic worth found by us. Many other features of the skull, of color of pelage, and of size of external parts all fell within the range of individual variation of a series of specimens from one locality. Specimens from the following localities in Arizona are referable to _Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri_ (Mearns). Hualpai Mts., Nos. 117461, 117462, 117488, 117490, 117495, 227735, and 227832; Ft. Whipple, No. 214157; Prescott, No. 34667/46752; Mayer, No. 247495; Reynolds Creek Ranger Station, Sierra Ancha Mts., Gila Co., No. 247734; Fish Creek, Tonto National Forest, 2000 ft., No. 212833; north base Mt. Turnbull, 4500 ft., No. 214339; Ash Creek, 6100 ft., Graham Mts., No. 204363; Pinery Canyon, 7500 ft., Chiricahua Mts., No. 247953; Thomas Caņon, 2 mi. E Baboquivari Mts., No. 244420; Pine Springs, 15 mi. south of Colorado Caņon, No. 2425 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. On December 4, 1950, we removed the skull of No. 2425 to more certainly ascertain the identity of the individual. The specimens listed above include those that Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:211, August 31, 1909) listed from the Hualpai Mountains, Pine Springs, and Prescott under the name _Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis_. Nelson (_op. cit._:Pl. X, fig. 2) figured one of these skulls from the Hualpai Mountains as _S. n. pinetis_ and the cranial measurements (_op. cit._:201) that he records for _S. nuttallii pinetis_ likewise are of these same specimens of _Sylvilagus floridanus holzneri_. Nelson's description (_op. cit._:207-210) seems to have been affected by the erroneous (as we see the matter) inclusion of these specimens of _S. f. holzneri_ in the materials identified by him as _Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis_. The specimens so far mentioned from Arizona can be identified with ease. The identification becomes difficult, however, when the holotype of _S. f. holzneri_, from the Huachuca Mountains, is examined. The difficulty results from the holotype having a barely detectable emargination in the posterior border of the supraoccipital shield. In this respect the holotype is intermediate between _S. f. holzneri_ (as known by specimens from more western localities in Arizona) and _S. n. pinetis_ from the White Mountains to the northward. As noted above, _S. f. holzneri_ has a deep notch and _S. n. pinetis_ has none. This intermediacy of the holotype supports the possibility, mentioned by Nelson (_op. cit._:200), that intergradation occurs between _S. f. holzneri_ and _S. n. pinetis_. Additional evidence, however, is against this possibility; the notch in the supraoccipital is deeper in specimens (No. 66136, from Chiricahua Mts., and No. 204364, from Ash Creek in Graham Mts.) from mountains geographically intermediate between the Huachuca Mountains and the White Mountains. Also, the holotype of _S. f. holzneri_ differs from _S. n. pinetis_ and agrees with other specimens of _S. f. holzneri_ from farther southwest in Arizona in the robustness of the posterior extensions of the supraorbital processes and in the considerable degree of fusion of the tips of these processes with the squamosals. Additionally, the rostrum of the holotype is wide and deep as in other specimens of _S. floridanus_ from more eastern localities and is unlike the narrow and shallow rostrum of _S. n. pinetis_. If intergradation occurs in Arizona between the species _Sylvilagus floridanus_ and _Sylvilagus nuttallii_, as Nelson (_op. cit._:200) intimated it might, the intergrades probably will be found along the Tonto Rim or in the territory between the Blue Range and the Graham Mountains. Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus Nelson 1907. _Sylvilagus cognatus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:82, July 22. We have examined the specimens recorded by Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:193, August 31, 1909) and conclude that Nelson (_op. cit._) accurately described them. We differ from Nelson on one point of interpretation; we prefer to use the trinomial, instead of the binomial, for _cognatus_ because the kind and amount of difference between it and subspecies of _Sylvilagus floridanus_ (_S. f. holzneri_ and possibly _S. f. llanensis_) is on the order of magnitude that distinguishes subspecies, and not full species, of _Sylvilagus_. The specimen (W.D. Hollister, original No. 208) from the Datil Mountains, lent to us by the Colorado Museum of Natural History, does have, as Nelson (_op. cit._) pointed out, larger tympanic bullae and a slenderer rostrum than do other specimens of _S. f. cognatus_. Nevertheless, No. 208, agrees with _cognatus_ and differs from _Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis_ in the greater vertical depth of the zygoma, the greater transverse width of the first pair of upper incisors, the broader posterior extensions of the supraorbital processes, the fusion (instead of freedom from, or mere touching to, the braincase) of the tips of these extensions, the less upturned supraorbital processes, and the more nearly truncate posterior margin of the supraorbital shield. Therefore, the specimen is referable to _Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus_. The slender rostrum and large tympanic bullae of No. 208 are either individual variations or features peculiar to the population of _Sylvilagus floridanus_ in the Datil Mountains. Sylvilagus floridanus robustus Bailey 1905. _Lepus pinetis robustus_ V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:159, October 24. Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:194-195, August 31, 1909) described specimens from the Big Bend area of Texas. This was the only area from which Nelson had specimens. Our examination of these same specimens indicates that his description of them was accurate. Davis and Robertson (Jour. Mamm., 25:271, September 8, 1944) recorded a specimen, under the name _Sylvilagus robustus_, from "The Bowl, Guadalupe Mountains, Culberson County, Texas." Our examination of the skull of this specimen ([female] adult, No. 658, Mus. Zool., Louisiana State University) indicates that it is, among named kinds of rabbits, best referred to _robustus_. The specimen is morphologically as well as geographically intermediate between _S. f. cognatus_ and _S. robustus_. This morphological intermediacy is illustrated by certain of the following cranial measurements of three adult females: No. 108695 (_robustus_), Chisos Mts.; No. 658 from the Guadalupe Mts.; and No. 128651, NE slope Capitan Mts. Basilar length, 59.2, 54.2, 54.4; length of nasals, 33.9, 31.1, 32.2; breadth of rostrum above premolars, 19.3, 17.5, 17.0; depth of rostrum in front of premolars, 15.8, 14.8, 14.0; interorbital breadth, 20.4, 19.1, 19.7; parietal breadth, 27.2, 27.1, 26.5; diameter of bulla, 13.3, 12.2, 10.7. Considering the intermediate nature of specimen No. 648, and the kind and amount of difference between _Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus_ and _S. robustus_, it seems appropriate to us to use the name-combination _Sylvilagus floridanus robustus_. Actual intergradation, in the sense of interbreeding between individuals of a continuously distributed population of animals, probably does not occur regularly between _S. f. cognatus_ and _S. f. robustus_ nor between several populations within either one of these subspecies; in south-central Arizona and western Texas the animals are said to occur only in the higher parts of the mountains. Consequently a given population is separated from another by low-lying territory inhospitable to the species _Sylvilagus floridanus_. This low-lying territory is inhabited by another species, _Sylvilagus audubonii_. More intensive collecting in the region concerned may, however, show a continuous distribution of the species _Sylvilagus floridanus_ in several areas where it seems now to have an interrupted distribution. Sylvilagus audubonii neomexicanus Nelson 1907. _Sylvilagus audubonii neomexicanus_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:83, July 22. Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:230, August 31, 1909) listed under _Sylvilagus audubonii cedrophilus_ Nelson an adult female, skin with skull (U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll., No. 108698) from fifteen miles south of Alpine, Texas. Nelson (_loc. cit._) remarked that the "bleached" color of the back and the great lateral breadth of the tympanic bullae of No. 108698 were peculiarities not possessed by any other specimen examined. Geographically, the locality of capture is far south of other known occurrences of _S. a. cedrophilus_ and approximately on the boundary separating the range of _S. a. minor_ from that of _S. a. neomexicanus_. The large size, which may have induced Nelson to refer the specimen to _S. a. cedrophilus_, is not surprising considering that the individual is a female and fully adult. A combination of new and old fur on the upper parts presents a pattern that might be duplicated in other specimens of _S. a. neomexicanus_. The lateral inflation of the tympanic bullae can be interpreted as intergradation with the geographically adjacent _S. a. minor_ to the south; _S. a. minor_ has large bullae. There are no features otherwise which suggest that the specimen is anything other than _Sylvilagus audubonii neomexicanus_ and we refer it to that subspecies. Sylvilagus audubonii minor Mearns 1896. _Lepus arizonae minor_ Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18:557, June 24. 1907. _S[ylvilagus]. a[uduboni]. minor_, Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 20:83, July 22. Nelson (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:230, August 31, 1909) listed, without comment, under _Sylvilagus audubonii cedrophilus_ Nelson, a skin with skull inside (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5419, [female] adult or sub-adult) from San Diego, Chihuahua, Mexico. We locate San Diego approximately 230 miles south and 60 miles east of El Paso, Texas. Thus, the specimen is from near the center of the geographic range of _Sylvilagus audubonii minor_. With the permission of Mr. G.G. Goodwin of the American Museum of Natural History we removed the skull. It differs in no essential features from those of other specimens of _S. a. minor_. For example, of specimens in the United States National Museum, Biological Surveys Collection, a female (No. 132002) from Guzman in Chihuahua, and a male (No. 51020) from Santa Rosalia in the same state, are almost indistinguishable from the San Diegan specimen. The specimen is without external measurements but the length of the hind foot and length of ear from the notch in the dry state (80 and 57, respectively) agree with the corresponding measurements of _S. a. minor_. Color of the skin furnishes no diagnostic character as between _S. a. minor_ and _S. a. cedrophilus_. We identify the specimen from San Diego as _Sylvilagus audubonii minor_. _Transmitted January 30, 1951._ 24-7436 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rabbits, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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