The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sixth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885), by John Wesley Powell This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Sixth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885) Author: John Wesley Powell Release Date: March 8, 2016 [eBook #51390] [Most recently updated: October 29, 2021] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Produced by: Richard Tonsing, PM for Bureau of American Ethnology and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 6TH ANN. REPORT--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY *** LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. Series Title. =Smithsonian institution.= _Bureau of ethnology._ Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1888 8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps. Author title. =Powell= (John Wesley). Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1888 8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps. [SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._] Title for subject entry. Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1888 8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2 maps. [SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._] SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1884-'85 BY J.W. POWELL DIRECTOR [Illustration] WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1888 CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR. Page. Letter of transmittal XXI Introduction XXIII Publication XXIV Field work XXVI Mound explorations XXVI Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXVI Explorations in the Southwest XXVIII Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXVIII Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXIX Linguistic field work XXX Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXX Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXI Work of Mr. A. S. Gatschet XXXIII Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXVI Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXXVII General field work XXXVIII Work of Dr. Washington Matthews XXXVIII Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XL Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLI Office work XLIII Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XLV Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XLV Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XLV Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLV Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XLV Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XLVI Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XLVII Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XLVII Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XLVIII Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XLVIII Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XLVIII Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow L Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce L Accompanying papers LI Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by LI William H. Holmes A study of the textile art in its relation to the LIV development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas LV Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey LVI The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas LVI Financial statement LVIII ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES. Page. Introduction 13 Geography 13 Literature 14 People 15 The cemeteries 16 The graves 17 Human remains 20 Placing of relics 21 Objects of art 21 Stone 21 Pictured rocks 21 Columns 22 Images 23 Mealing stones 25 Stools 27 Celts etc. 29 Spearheads 34 Arrowpoints 34 Ornaments 34 Metal 35 Gold and copper 35 Bronze 49 Clay: Pottery 53 Preliminary 53 How found 55 Material 55 Manufacture 56 Color 57 Use 57 Forms of vessels 58 Decoration 62 Unpainted ware 66 Terra cotta group 67 Black incised group 80 Painted ware 84 Scarified group 87 Handled group 90 Tripod group 97 Maroon group 107 Red line group 109 White line group 111 Lost color group 113 Alligator group 130 Polychrome group 140 Unclassified 147 Miscellaneous objects 149 Spindle whorls 149 Needlecases 150 Figurines 151 Stools 154 Musical instruments 156 Rattles 156 Drums 157 Wind instruments 160 Life forms in vase painting 171 Résumé 186 A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES. Introduction 195 Form in textile art 196 Relations of form to ornament 201 Color in textile art 201 Textile ornament 202 Development of a geometric system within the art 202 Introduction 202 Relief phenomena 203 Ordinary features 203 Reticulated work 210 Superconstructive features 211 Color phenomena 215 Ordinary features 215 Non-essential constructive features 226 Superconstructive features 228 Adventitious features 231 Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design 232 Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art 244 AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS. Introduction 259 CHAP. I. The numerals in the Dresden Codex 261 II. Conclusions 339 III. The writing 345 Signification of the characters 347 Symbols of animals etc 348 Symbols of deities 358 Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters 365 OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY. Introduction 377 Traditions of the elders 381 Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Tsíɔu wactáʞe itáde (Tradition of the Tsíɔu 381 wactáʞe gens) Translation 388 Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Qü¢ápasa^n itáde (Tradition of the Bald Eagle 390 subgens) Translation 394 Concluding remarks 396 THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS. Introduction 409 Authorities quoted 410 Orthography 413 Geography of northeastern America 413 Distribution of the tribes 419 General observations 419 Baffin Land 421 The Sikosuilarmiut 421 The Akuliarmiut 421 The Qaumauangmiut 421 The Nugumiut 422 The Oqomiut 424 The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut 440 The Aggomiut 442 The Iglulirmiut 444 The Pilingmiut 444 The Sagdlirmiut 444 Western shore of Hudson Bay 444 The Aivillirmiut 445 The Kinipetu or Agutit 450 The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451 The Sinimiut 451 Boothia Felix and Back River 452 The Netchillirmiut 452 The Ugjulirmiut 458 The Ukusiksalirmiut 458 Smith Sound 459 The natives of Ellesmere Land 459 The North Greenlanders 460 Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of 460 the settlements Trade and intercourse between the tribes 462 List of the Central Eskimo tribes 470 Hunting and fishing 471 Seal, walrus, and whale hunting 471 Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting 501 Hunting of small game 510 Fishing 513 Manufactures 516 Making leather and preparing skins 516 Sundry implements 523 Transportation by boats and sledges 527 The boat 527 The sledge and dogs 529 Habitations and dress 539 The house 539 Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing 554 Social and religious life 561 Domestic occupations and amusements 561 Visiting 574 Social customs in summer 576 Social order and laws 578 Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood) 583 Sedna and the fulmar 583 The tornait and the angakut 591 The flight to the moon 598 Kadlu the thunderer 600 Feasts, religious and secular 600 Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and 609 death Tales and traditions 615 Ititaujang 615 The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 618 Kalopaling 20 The Uissuit 621 Kiviung 621 The origin of the narwhal 625 The visitor 627 The fugitive women 628 Qaudjaqdjuq 628 I. Story of the three brothers 628 II. Qaudjaqdjuq 630 Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633 The Tornit 634 The woman and the spirit of the singing house 636 The constellation Udleqdjun 636 The origin of the Adlet and of the Qadluait 637 The great flood 637 Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638 The bear story 638 Sundry tales 639 Tables relating to animals 641 The owl and the raven 641 Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of 641 other tribes Science and the arts 643 Geography and navigation 643 Poetry and music 648 Merry-making among the Tornit 649 The lemming's song 650 Arlum pissinga (the killer's song) 650 I. Summer song 653 II. The returning hunter 653 III. Song of the Tornit 653 IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling 653 V. Oxaitoq's song 654 VI. Utitiaq's song 654 VII. Song 654 VIII. Song 654 IX. Song of the Tornit 654 X. The fox and the woman 655 XI. The raven's song 655 XII. Song of a Padlimio 655 XIII. Ititaujang's song 655 XIV. Playing at ball 656 XV. Playing at ball 657 XVI.-XIX. Extracts 657, 658 Glossary 659 Appendix 667 INDEX. Index 671 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. Map of Chiriqui 13 II. Map showing in detail the geographical divisions [1] of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of northeast America 1. Oqo and Akudnirn. 2. Frobisher Bay. 3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet. 4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet. 5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land. III. Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes [1] of North America, showing the boundaries IV. Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a 643 Saumingmio V. Eskimo drawings 648 VI. Eskimo drawings 650 VII. Eskimo drawings 651 VIII. Eskimo carvings 652 IX. Eskimo carvings 653 X. Modern Eskimo implements 654 FIG. 1. Section of oval grave 17 2. Section of a quadrangular grave 18 3. Grave with pillars 18 4. Compound cist 19 5. Southwest face of the pictured stone 22 6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians 23 7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians 24 8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock 25 9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with 26 animal heads 10. Puma shaped metate 27 11. Stool shaped object 28 12. Stool with columnar base 28 13. Stool with perforated base 29 14. Large partially polished celt 30 15. Celt of hexagonal section 31 16. Small wide bladed celt 31 17. Celt with heavy shaft 31 18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top 31 19. Flaked and partially polished celt 32 20. Well polished celt 32 21. Narrow pointed celt 32 22. Narrow pointed celt 32 23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point 33 24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints 34 25. Arrowpoints 34 26. Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy 41 27. Grotesque human figure in gold 42 28. Rudely shaped human figure in gold 42 29. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper 43 30. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold 43 31. Rudely executed image of a bird in gold 44 32. Image of a bird in gold 45 33. Puma shaped figure in gold 45 34. Puma shaped figure in base metal 45 35. Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal 46 36. Figure of a fish in gold 46 37. Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47 gold 38. Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47 gold 39. Figure of an alligator in gold 48 40. Animal figure in base metal plated with gold 48 41. Bronze bells plated or washed with gold 50 42. Bronze bell with human features 50 43. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande 51 44. Ancient Mexican bell 51 45. Fundamental forms of vases—convex outlines 58 46. Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines 59 47. Vases of complex outlines—exceptional forms 59 48. Vases of compound forms 59 49. Square lipped vessel 59 50. Variations in the forms of necks and rims 60 51. Arrangement of handles 60 52. Types of annular bases or feet 61 53. Forms of legs 61 54. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63 vase 55. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63 vase 56. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63 vase 57. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63 58. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63 59. Grotesque figure 64 60. Grotesque figure 64 61. Grotesque figure 64 62. Figure of a monkey 64 63. Figure of a monkey 64 64. Figure of a monkey 64 65. Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis 65 66. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65 67. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65 68. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66 69. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66 70. Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware 67 71. Vase of graceful form 68 72. Vase of graceful form 68 73. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 68 74. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 69 75. Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets 69 76. Vase with mantle covered with incised figures 70 77. Vase with frieze of grotesque heads 70 78. Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament 71 79. Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament 71 80. Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated 72 necks 81. Large vase with high handles 72 82. Top view of high handled vase 73 83. Handled vase 73 84. Handled vase 73 85. Handled vase 73 86. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74 grotesque figure 87. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74 grotesque figure 88. Vase of eccentric form 74 89. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75 90. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75 91. Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar 75 punctures 92. Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped 75 legs 93. Large vase of striking shape 76 94. Cup with legs imitating animal forms 76 95. Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form 77 96. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77 97. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77 98. Cup with frog shaped legs 77 99. Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young 77 100. Cups supported by grotesque heads 77 101. Large cup supported by two grotesque figures 78 102. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78 103. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78 104. Vase imitating an animal form 79 105. Vase imitating an animal form 79 106. Vase imitating an animal form 79 107. Fish shaped vessel 79 108. Top view of a fish shaped vessel 80 109. Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim 80 110. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81 111. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81 112. Black vase with conventional incised pattern 81 113. Small cup with conventional incised pattern 82 114. Small tripod cup with upright walls 82 115. Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal 82 heads 116. Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal 83 117. Pattern upon the back of the vase 83 118. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87 119. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87 120. Oblong basin with scarified design 88 121. Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal 88 heads 122. Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised 89 ornament 123. Vase with stand and vertical incised bands 89 124. Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs 89 125. Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs 90 126. Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms 90 127. Heavy red vase with four mouths 90 128. Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude 91 designs in red 129. Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with 92 soot 130. Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised 92 ornament 131. Vase with grotesque figures attached to the 93 handles 132. Vase with upright handles and winged lip 93 133. Top view of vase with winged lip 94 134. Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles 94 135. Vase with handles representing strange animals 95 136. Vase with handles representing grotesque figures 95 137. Vase with handles representing animal heads 96 138. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 96 forms in high relief 139. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 97 forms in high relief 140. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99 handles 141. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99 handles 142. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99 handles 143. Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish 100 144. Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet 100 145. Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms 101 and devices in red 146. High tripod vase with incised designs and rude 101 figures in red 147. Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament 102 148. Vase with lizard shaped legs 102 149. Vase with scroll ornament 103 150. Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading 103 legs 151. Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure 104 of an alligator 152. Vase supported by grotesque human figures 105 153. Round bodied vase embellished with figures of 106 monsters 154. Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation 107 155. Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck 107 156. Small tripod cup with animal features in high 108 relief 157. Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures 108 158. Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices 110 in red 159. Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation 110 160. Two-handled vase with life form and linear 110 decoration 161. Small tripod vase with animal figures in white 111 162. Shapely vase with designs in white paint 112 163. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament 115 164. Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices 115 165. Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices 116 166. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric 116 figures 167. Bottle with decoration of meandered lines 117 168. Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices 117 169. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices 118 170. Vase with rosette-like panels 118 170_a_. Ornament from preceding vase 118 171. Vase with rosette-like panels 119 172. Vase with rosette-like panels 119 173. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120 174. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120 175. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120 176. Vase decorated with conventional figures of 120 alligators 177. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121 of life forms 178. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121 of life forms 179. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 121 179_a_. Design from preceding vase 122 180. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 122 181. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 123 182. Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal 124 growths 183. Vase of unusual shape 124 184. Vase of unusual shape 124 185. Vase of unusual shape 124 186. Double vessel with high arched handle 125 187. Double vessel with arched handle 125 188. Vase embellished with life forms in color and in 126 relief 189. Vase modeled to represent a peccary 127 190. Under surface of peccary vase 127 191. Small vessel with human figures in high relief 127 192. Tripod cup with figures of the alligator 128 193. Large shallow tripod vase with geometric 129 decoration 194. Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and 130 alligator design 195. Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures 132 of the alligator 196. Vase with decorated zone containing four arched 133 panels 197. Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted 133 animal devices 198. Vases of varied form and decoration 134 199. Alligator vase with conventional markings 135 200. Alligator vase with figures of the alligator 135 painted on the sides 201. Vase with serpent ornamentation 136 202. Vase representing a puma with alligator figures 137 painted on sides 203. Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and 137 in color 204. Vase with funnel shaped mouth 138 205. Top view of vase in Fig. 204 139 206. End view of vase in Fig. 204 139 207. Large vase with decorations in red and black 140 208. Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, 141 viewed from above 209. Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in 142 black, red, and purple 210. Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from 143 above 211. Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, 144 red, and purple 212. Ornament occupying the interior surface of the 144 basin of vase in Fig. 211 213. Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations 145 214. Vase with extraordinary decorative designs 146 215. Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from 147 above 216. Vase of unique form and decoration 148 217. Painted design of vase in Fig. 216 148 218. Spindle whorl with annular nodes 149 219. Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures 149 220. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised 149 ornament 221. Needlecase 150 222. Needlecase 150 223. Needlecase with painted geometric ornament 151 224. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151 225. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151 226. Statuette 152 227. Statuette 152 228. Statuette 152 229. Statuette 152 230. Stool of plain terra cotta 154 231. Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures 155 232. Stool of plain terra cotta 155 233. Rattle 157 234. Section of rattle 157 235. Rattle with grotesque figures 157 236. Drum of gray unpainted clay 158 237. Drum with painted ornament 159 238. Painted design of drum in Fig. 237 159 239. Double whistle 161 240. Section of double whistle 161 241. Tubular instrument with two finger holes 162 242. Section of whistle 162 243. Small animal shaped whistle 162 244. Small animal shaped whistle 162 245. Top shaped whistle 163 246. Section, top, and bottom views of whistle 164 247. Drum shaped whistle 165 248. Vase shaped whistle 165 249. Crab shaped whistle 166 250. Alligator shaped whistle 166 251. Cat shaped whistle 167 252. Whistle with four ocelot-like heads 168 253. Bird shaped whistle 169 254. Bird shaped whistle 169 255. Bird shaped whistle 170 256. Whistle in grotesque life form 170 257. Conventional figure of the alligator 173 258. Conventional figure of the alligator 173 259. Conventional figure of the alligator 174 260. Conventional figure of the alligator 174 261. Conventional figure of the alligator 174 262. Two-headed form of the alligator 175 263. Figure of the alligator much simplified 175 264. The alligator much modified by ceramic influences 176 265. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176 266. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176 267. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176 268. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177 269. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177 270. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177 271. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178 272. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178 273. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178 274. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 179 275. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 179 276. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 180 277. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 180 278. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 181 279. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182 280. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182 281. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182 282. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182 283. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 183 284. Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable 185 devices 285. Series of devices 185 286. Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form 197 287. Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form 198 288. Pyriform water vessel 198 289. Basket with esthetic characters of form 199 290. Basket of eccentric form 200 291. Character of surface in the simplest form of 204 weaving 292. Surface produced by impacting 204 293. Surface produced by use of wide fillets 204 294. Basket with ribbed surface 205 295. Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface 205 296. Tray showing radial ribs 205 297. Combination giving herring bone effect 206 298. Combination giving triangular figures 206 299. Peruvian work basket 206 300. Basket of Seminole workmanship 207 301. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207 302. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207 303. Surface effect produced by impacting in twined 208 combination 304. Surface effect produced by impacting the web 208 strands in twined combination 305. Surface effect produced by crossing the web series 208 in open twined work 306. Tray with open mesh, twined combination 208 307. Conical basket, twined combination 209 308. Example of primitive reticulated weaving 210 309. Simple form of reticulation 211 310. Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth 211 311. Peruvian embroidery 212 312. Basket with pendent ornaments 213 313. Basket with pendent ornaments 213 314. Tasseled Peruvian mantle 214 315. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216 different colors 316. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216 different colors 317. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216 different colors 318. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 217 different colors 319. Base of coiled basket 218 320. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 218 321. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 219 322. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220 323. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220 324. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 221 325. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 223 326. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 224 327. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 225 328. Tray with geometric ornament 225 329. Tray with geometric ornament 226 330. Ornament produced by wrapping the strands 227 331. Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface 227 of the fabric 332. Basket with feather ornamentation 227 333. Basket with feather ornamentation 227 334. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228 and woof 335. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228 and woof 336. Example of grass embroidery 230 337. Example of feather embroidery 231 338. Figures from the Penn wampum belt 233 339. Figures from a California Indian basket 234 340. California Indian basket 234 341. Figures from a Peruvian basket 235 342. Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins 236 343. Figures from a Peruvian vase 237 344. Figure from a circular basket 238 345. Figure of a bird from a Zuñi shield 239 346. Figure of a bird woven in a tray 240 347. Figure of a bird woven in a basket 241 348. Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient 242 Peruvians 349. Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient 243 Peruvians 350. Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth 243 351. Herring bone and checker patterns produced in 246 weaving 352. Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay 246 353. Earthen vase with textile ornament 247 354. Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery 248 355. Textile pattern transferred to pottery through 248 costume 356. Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile 250 character 357. Figures upon a tapa stamp 251 358. Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters 251 359. Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36c 272 and 37c, Dresden Codex 360. Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 276 33-39, Dresden Codex 361. Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the 284 Dresden Codex 362. Copy of Plate 50, Dresden Codex 297 363. Copy of Plate 51, Dresden Codex 306 364. Copy of Plate 52, Dresden Codex 307 365. Copy of Plate 53, Dresden Codex 308 366. Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex 309 367. Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex 310 368. Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex 311 369. Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex 312 370. Copy of Plate 58, Dresden Codex 313 371. Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, 337 Dresden Codex 372. Numeral character from the lower division of Plate 343 XV, Manuscript Troano 373. Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 17 348 374. Jar from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 27 349 375. Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX 351 376. Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex 351 377. Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XIX, 352 Manuscript Troano 378. Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex 353 379. The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex 355 380. The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian 358 Codices 381. The long nosed god (Kukulcan) or god with the 359 snake-like tongue 382. Copy of head from the Borgian Codex 360 (Quetzalcoatl?) 383. The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex 361 384. The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex 361 385. The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex 362 386. The god with the old man's face 363 387. The god with face crossed by lines 364 388. Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover 371 389. Symbolic chart of the Osage 378 390. Harpoon from Alaska 472 391. Modern or sealing harpoon 472 392. Old style naulang or harpoon head 473 393. Modern naulang or harpoon head 473 394. Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding 474 coiled up harpoon lines 395. Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut 475 396. Siatko found at Exeter Sound 475 397. Eskimo in the act of striking a seal 476 398. Tutareang or buckle 477 399. Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole 478 400. Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds 479 401. Wooden case for plugs 480 402. Another form of plug 480 403. Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal 480 404. Qanging in form of a seal 480 405. Qanging in form of a button 481 406. Qanging serving for both toggle and handle 481 407. Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line 481 408. Simple form of whirl 481 409. Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal 483 410. Seal hook of bear's claw 483 411. Modern form of seal hook 483 412. Eskimo approaching seal 484 413. Frame of kayak or hunting boat 486 414. Kayak with covering of skin 487 415. Model of a Repulse Bay kayak 487 416. Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak 488 417. Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus 488 418. Tikagung or support for the hand 488 419. Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon 489 420. Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the 489 harpoon 421. Tokang or harpoon head in sheath 489 422. Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in 490 Cumberland Sound 423. Ancient tokang or harpoon head 491 424. Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line 492 425. Qatilik or spear 492 426. Avautang or sealskin float 492 427. Different styles of poviutang or pipe for 493 inflating the float 428. Agdliaq or spear for small seals 494 429. Agdliaq points 494 430. Spearheads 495 431. Large spear head 495 432. Anguvigang or lance 496 433. Nuirn or bird spear 496 434. Nuqsang or throwing board 496 435. Sealing at the edge of the ice 498 436. Model of sakurpāng or whaling harpoon 500 437. Niutang with floats 500 438. Wooden bow from Iglulik 502 439. Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound 502 440. Bows of reindeer antlers 503 441. Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight 503 442. Arrows with bone heads 504 443. Arrows with metal heads 504 444. Arrow head 505 445. Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and 505 parallel to shank 446. Various forms of arrowhead 506 447. Socket of spear handle from Alaska 506 448. Slate arrowhead 506 449. Flint arrowheads from old graves 507 450. Various styles of quiver 507 451. Quiver handles 508 452. Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl 511 453. Kakivang or salmon spear 512 454. Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon 513 455. Quqartaun for stringing salmon 514 456. Salmon hook 515 457. Salmon hook 515 458. Bait used in fishing with hooks 516 459. Butcher's knife with bone handle 516 460. Pana or knife for dissecting game 517 461. Form of ulo now in use 518 462. Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait 518 463. Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate 518 464. Ulo handle from recent grave 518 465. Modern tesirqun or scraper 519 466. Old style tesirqun or scraper 519 467. Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins 520 468. Old stone scrapers found in graves 521 469. Stretcher for lines 522 470. Ivory needle 523 471. Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound 523 472. Common pattern of needlecase 523 473. Tikiq or thimble 524 474. Instrument for straightening bone 525 475. Drill for working in ivory and bone 525 476. Driftwood used in kindling fire 526 477. Eskimo graver's tool 526 478. Framework of Eskimo boat 527 479. Kiglo or post 527 480. Umiaq or skin boat 528 481. Umiaq or skin boat 528 482. Qamuting or sledge 529 483. Sledge shoe 530 484. Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge 531 485. Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to 531 sledge 486. Uqsirn for fastening traces to pitu 532 487. Ano or dog harness 532 488. Sadniriaq or clasp 532 489. Tube for drinking 535 490. Various styles of snow knife 539 491. Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes 540 492. Snow house of Davis Strait, sections 541 493. Section and interior of snow house 543 494. Ukusik or soapstone kettle 545 495. Plan of double snow house 546 496. Plan of Iglulik house 547 497. Plan of Hudson Bay house 547 498. Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house 548 499. Plan of large qarmang or stone house 549 500. Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland 549 Sound 501. Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung 530 502. Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs 550 503. Storehouse in Ukiadliving 551 504. Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland 551 Sound 505. Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay 553 506. Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland 553 Sound 507. Qaturang or boot ornament 554 508. Woman's jacket 555 509. Ivory beads for women's jackets 555 510. Girdle buckles 556 511. Infant's clothing 557 512. Child's clothing 557 513. Ivory combs 559 514. Buckles 560 515. Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair 561 516. Manner of tattooing legs and hands 561 517. Forks 563 518. Ladle of musk ox horn 563 519. Skull used in the game ajegaung 565 520. Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in 565 the game ajegaung 521. Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in 566 the game ajegaung 522. Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game 567 similar to dice 523. Game of nuglutang 568 524. The sāketān or roulette 569 525. Ajarorpoq or cat's cradle 569 526. Ball 570 527. Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut 571 528. Dolls in dress of the Akunirmiut 571 529. Modern snow goggles of wood 576 530. Old form of snow goggles of ivory 576 531. Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house 600 among eastern tribes 532. Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house 601 533. Kilaut or drum 602 534. Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing 603 houses 535. Qailertétang or masked figure 606 536. Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound 613 537. Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies 631 538. The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq 631 539. The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq 632 540. Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq 632 541. Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies 633 542. Tumiujang or lamp of the Tornit 634 543. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, 644 a Nugumio 544. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by 645 Sunapignang, an Oqomio 545. Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio 646 546. Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a 647 Padlimio Footnote 1: In pocket at end of volume. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY, _Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885_. SIR: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology. The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau. I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge. I am, with respect, your obedient servant, [Illustration: Signature] Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD, _Secretary Smithsonian Institution_. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. BY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR. INTRODUCTION. The prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year 1884-'85. No change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been prosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of investigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons trained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented from time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law. A brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this, however, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute temporarily work regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monograph's, already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published. Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins, as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive proper credit. The items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions. The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the literature of the subjects and by correspondence. PUBLICATION. The only publication actually issued during the year was entitled Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175 pages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine and newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other documents relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America. Only one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to collaborators. This work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted with diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his other duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for office use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue of the literature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would be of important service to all the numerous workers on the general subject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone it was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated results of several years' labor would be immediately available for the use of students generally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in turn increase interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and secure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume contemplated would become more satisfactory and complete, both in form and substance. The thorough conscientiousness and punctilious care shown in the present catalogue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic spirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fitness of the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept steadily in view the following aims: First, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject, either printed or in manuscript. Secondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate and full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and all its contents relating to Indian languages set forth, with citation of the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material may be found. Thirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work catalogued may be found. Fourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the student using it may in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special matter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may find it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been paid to obtain full information, and in the case of some of the rarest books fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so broadly conceived and so carefully executed is very great. The literature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so scattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of Indian languages and the determination of their affinities has been greatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated information. This requisite, with the important addition of the correction of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found indispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged as invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have been distributed. Since the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as a result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow; and, although not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected to become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how thoroughly the work was originally done. It may be possible, therefore, before long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself in standard form. FIELD WORK. Under this heading are comprised— First, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration carried on east of the Rocky Mountains. Secondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the Southwest and comparative study of the present inhabitants of that region and the objects found among them. Thirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes at their homes, with the main purpose of acquiring knowledge of their spoken languages. Fourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of inquiry, conducted among the existing Indian tribes. MOUND EXPLORATIONS. WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS. The work of exploring the mounds and other ancient monuments of that portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in 1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. The regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs. P.W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Rogan. For the latter half they were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named having been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Norris. Mr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in exploring the extensive group of works in the vicinity of Charleston, Kanawha Valley, W. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled by cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his associates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of January, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and enthusiastic worker. During the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely cold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in exploring the works of Knox County, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of operations was eastern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by Mr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary assistant. During the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was engaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a temporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County and the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold season he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the year being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee. Mr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some special explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant immediately after the death of Mr. Norris. His work in that section proving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year. Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in examining the ancient quarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate the various stages in the aboriginal manufacture of flint implements. His collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of any so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two months in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and Union Counties, Miss., a locality supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this section, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some articles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate bearing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form. Although the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the collection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided advance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats have been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more complete, and the details more fully set forth. As an illustration one case is presented. A large mound was opened which was found to contain over ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At the outset a plat of the mound was made; each skeleton was located on it as discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles found with it, etc. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the mound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it. The collections made are more varied in character than those of any previous year, including several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone implements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with Europeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in Arkansas is of more than ordinary interest, containing a number of specimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens. The same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the specimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place where it was found. The illustrations showing the construction, character, and form of the various works explored exceed in number, accuracy, and importance those of any previous year. EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST. WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON. Mr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions to proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections among the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region. Mr. Stevenson's party was divided into three sections. The section in charge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in Chaco cañon, in northwestern New Mexico; Cañon de Chelly and its branch cañons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut cañon, in Arizona, and a group of interesting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore found, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully examined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographic illustrations, were made of these ruins. Another section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the pueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this village resulted in a collection of about thirty-five hundred specimens, consisting of pottery and a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood, and woven fabrics, illustrating the arts of the people of Acoma. The collections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of objects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and industrial pursuits of these Indians. Another section of Mr. Stevenson's party, under his own supervision and with the important assistance of Mrs. Stevenson, was employed in making collections and studies at Zuñi. The collection from there is much larger than any heretofore obtained and includes many objects relating to the outdoor ceremonies of the Zuñi. Specimens of these were secured from their sacred springs, caves, and shrines. All details relating to their ceremonials were attentively studied, and a series of water color sketches was made of altars used and of masks worn on these important occasions. A large number of fetiches was also obtained, representing many of the animals held in religious esteem by the Zuñi. A series of photographs was made of the sacred springs, wells, monuments, picture writings, and shrines of the Zuñi located at different points over an area of about seventy-five miles from Zuñi, and a collection was secured of representative specimens of their fetiches, plume sticks, and other objects connected with their mythology and religious practices. The collection made during the year was unusually large and important. It comprises about eighty-five hundred specimens from the Indian tribes of the Southwest embraced in the research; these consist of woven fabrics and pottery, bone, and stone implements, both ancient and modern, and represent nearly all phases of the life, art, and industries of these tribes. These collections have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum for arrangement, classification, and description. WORK OF MR. VICTOR MINDELEFF. A party in charge of Mr. Victor Mindeleff left Washington on August 5 to survey the ruined pueblos of the Chaco, in New Mexico. Five of the ruins were accurately measured and platted to scale, and a full series of sketches, plans, and photographs was secured. Mr. Mindeleff returned from the field on the 1st of October. He then made a trip to the great Etowah mound, near Cartersville, Ga., under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas, in order to secure an accurate survey and scale drawing, as a basis for the construction of a model. At the close of this work Mr. Mindeleff returned to Washington, on October 7, and was engaged in office work until the middle of the following June, when he took the field in advance of his party for further studies among the ruins and pueblos of the Cibola and Tusayan groups. He was also instructed to secure similar material at other available points for comparison. LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK. WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH. From the 1st of July to the 15th of August, 1884, Mrs. Smith, assisted by Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora descent, was engaged among the Onondaga living near Syracuse, N. Y., in translating and annotating two Onondaga manuscripts; afterward, until the latter part of October, with the same assistance, she was at work on the Grand River reservation in Canada, where she filled out the vocabulary in the Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages from the dialect of the Cayuga. She also obtained from the Mohawk a translation, with annotations, of a manuscript in their dialect. The three manuscripts mentioned are now in the possession of the Bureau of Ethnology. Their origin and history are not distinctly known, as they are all probably copies of originals which seem to have been lost or destroyed. It was intended in these manuscripts to reproduce, by the alphabet and the script used by English writers, the sound of the dialects employed. These records have their chief interest in the preservation of many archaic words, or those of ceremony, law, and custom, which in these dialects, as is the general rule, remain unchanged, although the colloquial language may be modified. The subject matter of all these records is genuinely and exclusively Iroquoian. The Mohawk manuscript was copied about the year 1830 by Chief John "Smoke" Johnson from an earlier original or perhaps copy. The orthography of this copy is quite regular and is that of the early English missionaries, being similar in many respects to the well known Pickering alphabet. One of the Onondaga manuscripts was found in the possession of Mr. Daniel La Fort and the other in that of Mrs. John A. Jones, both of the Onondaga reserve, New York. These two copies differ from each other in orthography and substance, the Jones manuscript being probably a full detail of a part of the other. The orthography of the La Fort manuscript is very irregular and difficult to read, but that of the Jones manuscript is regular and legible. The Mohawk manuscript contains a detailed account of the rites and ceremonies, speeches and songs, of the condoling and inducting council of the Iroquoian League in the form in which that council was conducted by the elder brothers or members of the Onondaga, Mohawk, and Seneca divisions, which have been generally called tribes, but are more correctly confederacies, their villages being the tribal unit. The La Fort Onondaga manuscript comprises a similar ritual of the same council as carried out by the younger brothers, viz., the Cayuga, Oneida, and Tuscarora members or confederacies of the league. The Jones Onondaga manuscript is the charge of the principal shaman to the newly elected or inducted chief or chiefs. During the remainder of the year material was collected and work continued on the Tuscarora-English part of the Tuscarora dictionary. WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW. Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited southern California for the purpose of pursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the Santa Barbara Indians. Although these Indians became known at a very early day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of Cabrillo's voyage along the California coast in 1542, but little has been ascertained in respect to their language and its relations to the speech of neighboring tribes. Few vocabularies were collected by the early Spanish missionaries and those gathered were very imperfect, so that no conclusions can be based upon them with confidence. As a result of the policy pursued by the various missionaries among these docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon exchanged for others imposed by the priests. Tribal organizations were broken up and the Indians were removed from their homes and located about the missions. In addition the Spanish language was early introduced and so far as possible made to replace the aboriginal tongue. As a consequence Spanish became familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the surviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the Mexican dialect of Spanish. Indeed, the impression prevails generally in California that none of the Indians can speak their own tongue. As a matter of fact, however, in their own families and when away from the white men they discard Spanish entirely. The attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the large population attributed to this part of the California coast Mr. Henshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these were widely scattered over several counties. A number of the dialects of the linguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw's arrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was the last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa Cruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family were found, which are believed to be all that are now extant. In the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa island, but one Indian remained to speak it. Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals only. The existing dialects, named according to the missions around which they were spoken, are as follows: San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the exception of the last named the several dialects are very closely related, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words not contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which are common to all. The dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo differs much from any of the others, and a critical comparison is necessary to reveal a sufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their common parentage obvious. Extensive vocabularies of the dialects of San Antonio and San Miguel were obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these languages around the old San Antonio mission. These languages have been supposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been termed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr. Henshaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are considered to form a distinct family. Mr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose of determining the exact northern and southern limits of the Shoshonian family, which extends quite to the coast in California. At San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabularies representing four dialects of the Yuman family. WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET. In August, 1884, Mr. Gatschet proceeded to visit the Tonkawē and Lipan tribes in Texas. He reached Fort Griffin on the 29th of August. The Tonkawē tribe was encamped about a mile and a half south of Fort Griffin, Shackleford county, and consisted of 78 individuals, while the Lipan camp, one mile north-northwest, consisted of 19 persons only. All these Indians were on the point of removing to the Oakland reserve, Indian Territory. The Tonkawē constitute an aggregate of several tribal remnants formerly living independently of one another in southern Texas and on the Rio Grande. Mr. Gatschet devoted five weeks to the study of their language and one week to that of the Lipan, which is a dialect of Apache (Athapascan). The Tonkawē is a sonorous and energetic form of speech. The radix of many of the adjectives becomes reduplicated to form a kind of plural, and the same thing is observed in some of the verbs, where iteration or frequency has to be indicated. Case suffixes are observed in the substantive, which can easily be traced to postpositions as their original forms. Very few of the natives were sufficiently conversant with English or Spanish to serve as interpreters, so that it was difficult to secure trustworthy results. A white man who had lived over six years among them was of material help, and several mythologic and other texts were obtained with tolerable correctness through his aid. On October 9 Mr. Gatschet left Fort Griffin and reached Fort Sill, in the Indian Territory, on the 15th. Many Kaiowē and Comanche Indians encamped during the warmer months of the year around this fort, which is situated at the southeast base of the Wichita mountains. He engaged the best help he could find for studying the Kaiowē language, for which there is no Government interpreter. The Comanche is the predominating language on the whole Kaiowē, Comanche, and Apache reservation, although the Comanche exceed the Kaiowē but little in number. The Comanche is more easily acquired, at least to the extent required in conversation, and all the traders and shopkeepers on the reservation have a smattering of it. Better interpreters for Kaiowē were obtained at Anadarko, the seat of the agency, where Mr. Gatschet remained from October 31 to December 12. A few Kaiowē were found who had passed some months or years among Americans or at the Indian schools at Carlisle, Chilocco, and elsewhere, and could express themselves intelligibly in English. A few white Mexicans were found among the Comanche, who were captured by them in infancy, acquired the Comanche language, and have ever since lived among these Indians. Of the Kaiowē, Mr. Gatschet acquired over two thousand terms, phrases, and sentences, several historic texts of value, and of the Comanche, eight hundred or a thousand words. The circumstances necessitated careful and numerous revisions of everything obtained, by which much of the time was absorbed. The Na-ishi Apache, about four hundred in number and formerly roaming with the Kaiowē, furnished also a large amount of terms, exceeding fifteen hundred. There are a few verbal similarities between the Kaiowē and the Shoshoni languages, but apparently not enough to indicate anything more than long association of these peoples. The Kaiowē has a dual in the intransitive verb and in some nouns. There are more than a dozen different modes of forming the plural of nouns. The subject pronoun is incorporated with the verb as a prefix, and every tense has a different subject pronoun, as in Otomi and other languages of southern Mexico. Vocabularies were also obtained of Delaware, Ottawa, Yuchi, Caddo, Wichita, and of the hitherto unstudied Caddo dialects of Anadarko and Yatassi. In spite of persevering search it was not possible to find any of the Bidai or the Tonica in Texas, although it is probable that some of them survived in that State as late as 1850. Mr. Gatschet then passed a whole month among the Atakapa at Lake Charles, the county seat of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. Of the two dialects traceable, only the western one seems to exist now, being still spoken by a few women living at the town. The language is sonorous, but strongly nasal. Returning to the Indian Territory, after a fruitless search for the Tonica and Adai, he stopped at Eufaula, Creek Nation, to meet a Na'htchi Indian named Lasley, about sixty years old, who had represented his tribe in the councils of the Creek Nation. This man explained his Na'htchi terms and phrases by Creek equivalents, and these had to be translated into English to obtain full light concerning the Na'htchi terms. One legendary text was also obtained. The language is rather consonantal and has a multiplicity of verbal forms. Among the Yuchi tribe on Middle Arkansas river, southwestern bank, and over 40 miles from Muscogee Station, Indian Territory, he remained but a week, too short a time to obtain full information respecting this interesting language. There are five or six hundred Yuchi still living on this tract. Two texts and a few popular songs, with one thousand terms of the language, were obtained. The last stop was made among the Modoc at Quapaw Agency, at the agency buildings. About ninety are left of those brought there for having taken part in the Modoc war of 1872-'73. Five mythic tales were gathered from the natives within the short time of three weeks, one of them being of considerable length and of importance. It is called "The birth of Aishish." The birth of this astral deity resembles in most particulars that of Bacchus from the thigh of Jupiter after his mother, Semele, had been burned to death. The terms, phrases, and sentences gathered, besides the myth mentioned, amount to over fifteen hundred items, which will prove useful for completing the work on the Klamath Indians of Oregon now in preparation. Of the Shawnee language several hundred words were gathered from the Indians of that tribe settled around the agency. Mr. Gatschet returned to Washington in April, 1885. WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency, Oregon, in August, 1884, to gain linguistic and other information respecting the tribes in that region. When he returned, in November, he brought back as the result of his work the following vocabularies:—Athapascan family: Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chastā Costa, Miko-no-tunne, Chetco, Smith River, Cal., and Upper Coquille.—Yakonan family: Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Lower Umpqua.—Kusan family: Mulluk or Lower Coquille.—Takilman family: Takilma or Upper Rogue River.—Shahaptian family: Klikitat.—Sastean family: Shasti—total, nineteen vocabularies, ranging from fifty to three thousand entries, exclusive of phrases and grammatical notes. He also obtained materials for an account of the social organization into villages of some of these Indians, the basis for which appears to have been the clan or gens. Rough maps, showing the localities of the villages, were made. Mr. Dorsey also obtained from several tribes the corresponding Indian names of about sixty vegetal products, specimens of which were brought to Washington for identification. WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN. Mr. Curtin spent the first two weeks of July at the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory, in making a collection of Modoc myths, which he had begun in the preceding winter, being part of a general collection of Indian myths begun in 1883. The number of Modoc myths obtained was nearly one hundred. After finishing work at the Quapaw Agency, he returned to Washington, and shortly afterward was directed to proceed to northern California and obtain vocabularies of the Nosa and Kombo languages, and thence to Oregon to obtain vocabularies of the Wasco, Tyigh, and Tenina languages. Work was begun on the Nosa language (Yanan family) at Redding, Cal., on October 11. The difficulties were very great, especially at first, owing to the fact that the Nosa are few in number, live far from one another, and have a very imperfect knowledge of English. The Nosa were a prominent and rather numerous people until 1864, when all of them who could be found were massacred by white settlers, who organized two companies for the purpose of exterminating the tribe. Owing to a chance by which a few escaped and to the exertions of Mr. Benjamin Oliver, who secreted several in his cellar, about fifteen full blood Nosa survived. Work on Nosa was continued in and around Redding until the end of November, when Round Mountain was visited to complete the Nosa vocabulary and obtain that of the Atsugei (Palaikan family), a very interesting language. Work at Round Mountain was finished on January 8 and Redding was revisited on January 9, preparatory to departing for Oregon. Owing to the excessive severity of the winter and the snow blockades, which lasted six weeks, communication with Warm Spring was closed, and it was impossible to enter the reservation till January 27, when Sinnashee, a school and center of the Warm Spring Indian population, was reached. At this place the Tyigh vocabulary (Shahaptian family) was collected. The Wasco (Chinookan family) was obtained at the agency headquarters near the Deschutes river. Tenina, being identical with the Tyigh language, was omitted. From April 18, at which date work at the Warm Spring agency was finished, until June 30, the time was devoted to collecting myths in the Klamath reservation and at Yreka. During the whole period of work all the myths that could be found among the people whose languages were being investigated were reduced to writing. In this manner a large body of Nosa, Atsugei, Tyigh, and Wasco myths was collected. In the cases of Klamath and Shasti, myths were the objects directly in view. The vocabularies were obtained with satisfactory completeness and the verbal systems worked out in detail. The Nosa is remarkable for a regularity of structure which yields to analysis and has a certain monotonous harmony of sound. The Atsugei has a sonorous roll, a strong letter _r_, and a certain number of words in common with the Shasti, itself one of the _r_ languages. GENERAL FIELD WORK. WORK OF DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS. Dr. Washington Matthews, assistant surgeon U. S. Army, continued his investigations among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. He had been stationed in the Navajo country as post surgeon of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., from 1880 to 1884, during which time he devoted himself to studying the language, customs, and ceremonies of this tribe as much as his official duties would permit. Some of the great shamanistic ceremonies of the Navajo, occupying nine days for their performance, he had often seen in part; but he had never had an opportunity of witnessing one throughout its entire duration, as he had not sufficient time at his disposal. Before leaving New Mexico, however, he secured the friendship and confidence of some of the leading medicine men and obtained their promise to admit him to their most secret rites during their entire performance whenever he should be able to avail himself of the privilege. He was also promised complete instruction in the mythology and symbolism of these rites. In the autumn of 1884 he was given an opportunity, under the auspices of the Bureau of Ethnology, to return to the Navajo country and devote himself for a considerable time entirely to anthropologic studies among the people. He first visited the Navajo who dwell in the neighborhood of the San Mateo mountains, the Tsotsildinè, or people of the Great Peak, a local division or subtribe living much farther to the east and having longer and more intimate associations with Mexicans and Americans than the main body of the people. While at this place, he ascended the peak of San Mateo, or Mount Taylor, a mountain held sacred by the Navajo, to observe the various places on the mountain mentioned in the Navajo myths. Leaving San Mateo he proceeded to Fort Wingate, and learning that one of the most important of the Navajo rites was about to be celebrated at a place called Niqotlizi (Hard Earth), north of Fort Wingate on the Navajo reservation, he repaired thither without delay. The ceremony which he went to witness was that of dsilyídje-qaçàl, or mountain chant. It is also called Ilnasjingo-qaçàl, or chant in the dark circle of branches, from the great corral of evergreens in which the public rites of the last night are performed. It is known to the white men who live among these Indians as the hoshkawn dance, from one of the public dances of the last night, in which the Indian jugglers pretend to grow and develop the hackàn, or _Yucca baccata_. This last night's performance is varied and interesting and all persons, including whites and Indians of other tribes, are permitted to witness it; but previously, for several days, mystic rites are celebrated in the medicine lodge, to the most of which only the initiated are admitted. Dr. Matthews remained ten days in the Indian camp at Niqotlizi, during which time the shamans admitted him into their medicine lodge and allowed him to observe their rites and practices. His most interesting discovery on this occasion was that of their system of mythic dry paintings, by which they represent various legends or traditions with dry pigments on the sanded floor of the medicine lodge. A full account of the ceremonies and of the myth on which they are based was prepared by Dr. Matthews and appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of this Bureau. When the ceremony at Niqotlizi was over he proceeded to a locality in Arizona called by the whites The Haystacks, from the peculiar appearance of the rock formations there. At The Haystacks another great ceremony, probably the second in importance of the Navajo rites, was to take place. Here he again encamped with the Indians and remained until the work of the shamans was done. The ceremonial observances witnessed on this occasion are, collectively, called by the Navajo Klèdji-qaçàl, or chant of the night. They are called by the whites the Yàybichy dance, from the name of the principal masked character, Yèbitcai or Gebitcai, the granduncle of the gods. Like the hoshkawn dance, it has several days of secret rites with elaborate symbolic sand pictures and one night of public dances, less varied and interesting than those of the hoshkawn. Dr. Matthews was permitted to witness the whole performance and to take as many notes and sketches as were necessary. From The Haystacks Dr. Matthews went to the Indian agency at Fort Defiance, Arizona, where he secured the services of one of the oldest and most learned (in their own peculiar lore) of the Navajo priests, and from him he obtained full explanations of all these rites and of the symbolism of the pictures and masked characters, with a complete recital of the long and elaborate myths on which the ceremonies depend, and the texts and translations of the very numerous songs which form the ritual of the ceremonies. WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, with the assistance of military details and supplies, in addition to the instruction and facilities provided by this Bureau, started, August 8, 1884, on an expedition into the Territory of Utah, with reference mainly to the exploration of burial mounds and the study of mortuary customs. Near Choke Cherry Spring a burial cave was discovered, containing the skeletons of three persons, which were secured. Other skeletons, with contents of graves, were obtained near Willow creek; also, an interesting specimen of tree burial. At Deep creek an explanation of the curious form of water burial was gained from a chief of the Gosiats, to the effect that the bodies of the turbulent and disorderly men of the tribe were thus disposed of to prevent the spirits of these objectionable persons from joining the rest of the tribe after death. Their bodies were sunk in springs and marshy places and kept down by sticks and stones, so that their spirits could never get out. In the neighborhood of Fillmore a mound was excavated which afforded an admirable example of the beforementioned conversion of a dwelling into a sepulcher. The probability is that the deceased died in his house, which was made of adobe bricks, and that it was at once abandoned and the body left therein, the roof being first removed. The corpse was placed on the floor and covered with a paste of moist clay, on which were placed the mortuary gifts of weapons, utensils, and food. Cottonwood branches were then piled above and set on fire, thus baking the clay crust and charring the several objects. The whole structure had been covered, so that on first examination the hard surface of burnt clay, 18 inches below the loose earth, appeared to be the floor of a former dwelling. In the whole of the expedition, which continued into the last days of September, much difficulty was experienced from the suspicion and consequent hostility of the Indians of the localities visited. WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN. Dr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Victoria, B. C., where numerous sketches of Haida totem posts and carvings were obtained, in connection with the myths which they illustrated. At this locality attention was paid to the burial customs and osteologic remains of the nearly extinct tribe of Songish Indians. At Port Townsend sketches were obtained of Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings, clearly indicating the adoption by that tribe of Haida art designs. Here, too, many Indians of British-American tribes were met on their way south to work in the Puyallup hop fields, notable among which was a large number of Haida, whose persons were examined for the purpose of copying the numerous and varied tattoo designs with which they were profusely decorated. Interpretations of many of these characters were obtained from the persons bearing them, as well as from the chief artist of the tribe, together with concise descriptions of the methods and customs in connection with tattooing and the materials used. Drawings were made of a collection of Eskimo pictographs and ivory carvings at the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company and the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. At Santa Barbara, Cal., Dr. Hoffman discovered some painted pictographs and examined a number which have not yet been published. In several private collections at this place were found interesting relics of the Indians formerly inhabiting Santa Cruz island, the most important of which was a steatite cup containing earthy coloring matter and pricking instruments of bone, which had evidently been used in tattooing. Painted pictographs were also visited in the Azuza cañon, twenty-five miles northeast of Los Angeles. At Tule Indian Agency, in the deep valleys on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, sketches of pictographs were made in continuation of work accomplished there two years before. Vocabularies were also obtained from the Waitchumni Indians here located, as well as from the few remaining Santa Barbara Indians at Cathedral Oaks, Santa Barbara county, Cal. By far the greatest amount of pictographic material was collected in Owen's valley, California, where series of petroglyphs are scattered over an arid, sandy desert, the extremes of which are more than twenty miles apart. OFFICE WORK. The work upon a synonymy of the Indian tribes of North America, which has been mentioned to some extent in former reports, has been continued with increased energy. Every tribe of Indians of any size and importance has been treated of by historians under a variety of names. The sources of these different appellations are manifold. In very many instances the names of tribes or other bodies of Indians communicated by themselves have been imperfectly understood and erroneously recorded; misspelled names and typographical errors have been perpetuated. Traders, priests, and colonists have called the same tribes by different names and the historian has often added to the confusion by handing down these synonyms as the names of other and different tribes. Not a few tribes well known under established names have received new names upon a change of residence, especially when they have removed to a great distance or have coalesced or allied with other tribes. Added to these and to other sources of confusion are the loose and dissimilar applications of the terms clan, band, tribe, confederacy, and league, the same term having been used with various meanings by different authors. As a consequence the student of Indian languages and customs finds himself in a tangle, as regards tribal names, which it is beyond the power of the individual worker, unaided, to unravel. The scope of the work in question includes the attempt to trace the several names back to their sources and to ascertain their original and proper application, to define their meaning when possible, and to relegate each tribe under its proper title to the linguistic family to which it belongs. In the completion of this work the whole force of the Bureau assists. The need of a volume giving the results mentioned has long been felt, and it is believed that it will prove to be one of the most important contributions to the accurate study of Indian history ever made. The classification of the languages of the North American Indians is closely connected with the synonymy of tribal names, each work assisting the other. During recent years the number of students who have directed their attention more or less exclusively to the study of Indian languages has been constantly augmented, and as a result of their labors the number of vocabularies has been correspondingly increased; hence the demand for a more comprehensive and satisfactory classification than now exists. Prior to Gallatin's time little or nothing had been done in the direction of a systematic classification of Indian languages. In 1836 Gallatin issued his treatise in which he classified all the languages which he was able to study by a direct comparison of vocabularies. His classification was an immense advance over anything previously done and has proved a boon for scholars, having served, indeed, practically as the basis for most of the work in the same line performed since his time. No fixed rules of nomenclature, however, have ever been adopted by linguistic writers, and authors have named and renamed linguistic groups without regard to the names imposed upon the same or similar groups by earlier writers. As a result great confusion has followed not only respecting the status of the various linguistic families, but also respecting the identity of the languages which have served as a basis for the several groups proposed. The remedy for this state of affairs is the adoption, with strict adherence thereto, of a code of nomenclatural rules similar in scope to those prevailing among zoölogists. There would appear to be no good reason why the rule of priority of name, for instance, should not be followed in linguistic as well as in zoölogic classification, or why the same beneficial result of fixity of nomenclature should not be expected to result from the adoption of this rule in the one case as in the other. Students who may attempt to unravel the many perplexing nomenclatural problems arising from unnecessary change of names will certainly agree that such a rule is no less desirable in linguistics than in zoölogy. Accordingly, the rule of priority of name, within certain limitations, together with some other rules, has been adopted by the Bureau. These limitations and rules, together with a discussion of the subject, which would still be premature, may be presented by the Director in his next annual report. Mr. H. W. HENSHAW, when not in the field, was specially engaged in the organization and details of the office work upon tribal synonymy and linguistic classification above described. A careful examination of all the literature pertaining to these correlated subjects was necessary and also the preparation of tentative tables of synonymy. He has prepared such tables and made in connection with them a brief historical résumé of the literature. Much longer time and the work of the whole official force will, however, be needed for the completion for publication of the results of this vast and complicated undertaking. Mrs. ERMINNIE A. SMITH was occupied, while not engaged in the field as reported above, in the revision for publication of her Tuscarora dictionary, the material for which had been collected during several years. Col. GARRICK MALLERY continued the collection and classification of material on the two correlated subjects of sign language and pictographs. His two preliminary papers on those subjects have appeared in former annual reports. It is intended, while increasing the data obtained from the Indian tribes of North America, bearing upon these subjects, to supplement and illustrate the mass of information collected from those tribes by comparison with everything of a similar character to be found in other parts of the world and to publish the results of the collection and study in the form of monographs. Dr. W. J. Hoffman, when not in the field, continued to assist in the work mentioned. Mr. JAMES C. PILLING'S preparation of the Bibliography of North American Languages continued during the year. In October and November he visited several libraries in Boston and Providence, for the purpose of clearing up a number of doubtful points. During the year pages 839-1135 were received from the printer, which completed the volume. In the spring a limited number of copies were struck off by the Public Printer, and these have been sent to various libraries, public institutions, and to individuals interested in the subject, for the purpose of obtaining additions and corrections, with the intention, if these should prove to be numerous, of resetting the matter. Mr. FRANK H. CUSHING was stationed at Washington at the commencement of the fiscal year and was engaged in the classification of his field material in preparation for its publication. During the fall he completed a short paper on Zuñi culture growth as evidenced by studies of Pueblo ceramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount of linguistic evidence, that the Zuñi culture is mainly autochthonous, and that its growth, especially the growth of architectural, agricultural, ceramic, and other arts and industries pertaining to it, has been largely accomplished within the desert areas of America which still form the habitat of the Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period more limited than has usually been supposed essential to such development. He prepared also a paper on the "Ancient province of Cibola and the seven lost cities," in which he not only identifies the seven cities of Cibola above referred to with seven ruins near the present Zuñi village, but also furnishes interesting examples of the permanence of Indian tradition and of its value, when properly used, as a factor, in ethnographic and historic research. Among the later and perhaps more important results of his studies during the year are investigations of the myths and folk tales abundantly recorded by him during previous years among the Zuñi. By the extended comparison which he is able to make between these folk tales and myths, now first brought together as a whole, and by the application to their study of the linguistic method employed by him in the preparation of the two papers already mentioned, he is able to trace the growth of mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or biotic phenomena and of physical or animal function into the personæ and incidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace the influence of these growths on the worship of the Zuñi. Early in 1885 Mr. Cushing furnished the Director with a schedule of his manuscript, notes, and sketches, and from an examination of this it was deemed advisable that he should continue putting his linguistic material into permanent shape, in order that it might be used as a check on ensuing studies of the sociology and mythology of the Zuñi, as well as for its suggestive value towards the explanation of obscure passages in those departments of study. This work had progressed but little, however, when a severe illness necessitated its temporary abandonment. Prof. CYRUS THOMAS, in addition to his administrative duties in charge of the division of mound exploration, was engaged in preparing for publication the results of the operations of that division. The constant arrangement, comparison, and study of the material objects and facts ascertained required his close application. He also commenced the paper presented by him in this volume. Mr. VICTOR MINDELEFF, in the first part of the fiscal year, completed models of the seven villages of the ancient Province of Tusayan, together with a relief model illustrating the topographical character of the province. The model of Walpi, of this series, was carried out in such a manner as to show on a large scale the character of the rocky mesa on which the town is built. Several types of cliff ruins were also modeled for this series, among them the White House ruin of Cañon de Chelly and the mummy cave of Cañon de la Muerte. After August 1 this work was carried on under the supervision of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who also prepared a model of the great Etowah mound from the data of Mr. V. Mindeleff's survey; he also furnished several other examples of mounds, with sections, under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. This work was carried on without interruption until December 7, when Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff was ordered to New Orleans, to take charge of the combined exhibits of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology, and was instructed to look after the proper installation of the same in the Government building. He returned to Washington about February 1. During the ensuing four months the small force in the modeling room was engaged in making models of the ancient pueblos of the Chaco, from the plans secured during the preceding summer, as referred to in the report of field work. This work continued until early June, when Mr. C. Mindeleff was again ordered to New Orleans to take charge of the packing and shipment of the exhibits of the Geological Survey and Bureau of Ethnology for their return to Washington and for the installation of a portion of the material at the Louisville Exposition. During the interval from February 1 to June 15 Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engaged in the preparation of a report on the architecture of the ancient provinces of Cibola and Tusayan, together with the plans and diagrams necessary for its illustration. This study was based on the large amount of data that had been secured during former field seasons for modeling purposes. Rev. J. OWEN DORSEY, when not in the field, made nearly 10,000 entries for the Ȼegiha-English dictionary, and prepared Ponka and Omaha native texts, with free and interlinear translations, in addition to those found in part 1 of vol. 6, Contributions to North American Ethnology. After December 1, 1884, he collated the following vocabularies obtained by him in Oregon, viz: Takelma, Shasti, Applegate Creek, Chastā Costa, Galice Creek, Mulluk, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Yaquina, Klikitat, and one on Smith River, California. He also prepared a list of the villages obtained from the tribes at the Siletz Agency, Oregon. Mr. ALBERT S. GATSCHET was engaged at the beginning of the fiscal year in revising and perfecting his grammar of the Klamath language of southern Oregon. The phonology was completed and stereotyped, extending from page 200 to 245. He was engaged in correcting proofs of the subsequent section on morphology when he proceeded to the Southwest, as elsewhere reported, to investigate several languages spoken there, the affinities of which had not before been ascertained. Mr. W. H. HOLMES, as in previous years, has supervised the illustrations of the Bureau publications. He also continued his archæologic studies, chiefly in the department of ceramics, the character of which is shown by his papers in this volume. He was in charge of the preparation of exhibits for the expositions at New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati; but, owing to the pressure of other duties, much of this work was intrusted to Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was assisted materially by Mr. Victor Mindeleff. The most important feature of the exhibits consisted of models of plaster and papier mâché of the pueblo towns and cliff houses of New Mexico and Arizona. Aside from the models, exhibits of ethnologic and archæologic materials were made. A large and important collection of objects of pueblo art was obtained by Mr. James Stevenson, but much of it failed to reach Washington in time for exhibition purposes, and a series of similar objects, already classified and labeled, was selected from the National Museum and forwarded to New Orleans. A valuable collection of the ancient fictile products of Tusayan belonging to Mr. Thomas Keam was also utilized in perfecting the exhibits of Pueblo art. Archæologic materials from other sections of the country were placed on exhibition, notably a superb collection of prehistoric relics from the province of Chiriqui, Panama, which was purchased for the purpose. The collections of ethnologic and archæologic material made during the year are of unusual importance and magnitude. This is chiefly due to the facilities afforded by the New Orleans Exposition fund, a liberal portion of which was devoted to the collection and purchase of objects of permanent value to the Government and to science. The collections made by Mr. Stevenson in Zuñi and Acoma comprise upward of four thousand pieces, chiefly objects of clay, but including other classes of products. The collection of prehistoric relics obtained by Mr. J. A. McNiel from the tombs of Chiriqui is one of the most important and complete series of ancient American products to be found in any country, and must prove of great value to students. Mr. Victor Mindeleff secured a small series of relics from the ancient ruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Dr. H. C. Yarrow added some objects of archæologic and ethnologic interest from central Utah. Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith procured a number of articles of shell, illustrating the modern manufacture of wampum in New Jersey; a small collection of fragmentary pottery from the eastern shore of Maryland was presented by Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Ellicott City; and Mr. Holmes secured a series of articles, including arrowheads, shell implements, and pottery, from the island of Nantucket. Mound explorations, conducted by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, yielded a valuable series of objects of stone and clay. An unusually interesting series of the earthen vessels of the ancient pueblo races was secured by Mr. E. W. Nelson in eastern central Arizona. The greater part of the abovementioned material has already been catalogued and turned over to the U. S. National Museum. Dr. H. C. YARROW, acting assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, besides his field explorations described, continued to collect information relative to the mortuary customs of North American Indians. Of the material gathered, a considerable portion has been forwarded by various persons throughout the country in answer to the circular sent out early in the last year, but much has also been derived from the published works on anthropologic subjects, including scientific journals and reports. Numerous authorities have been consulted and much time has been devoted to the consideration of the many theories advanced to account for certain peculiar rites and customs. Mr. CHARLES C. ROYCE continued during the year the preparation of a historical atlas of Indian cessions. The boundaries of the various cessions of land by the different Indian tribes were traced out and located upon the maps of the States and Territories left uncompleted at the date of the last annual report. All that remains to be done in completing the atlas for publication is to transcribe, with considerable elaboration, the historical and descriptive notes pertaining to the various cessions, and to make, from the rough working sheets, legible copies of the maps showing the boundaries of the cessions within the States of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Texas and the Territories of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Dakota. Most of these States and Territories will each require two maps, showing respectively the primary and secondary cessions. The work will be finished as rapidly as possible. ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. The present volume contains papers the subject matter of which may be classified under the grand divisions of Technology, Philosophy, Sociology, and Ethnography. They are all prepared by experts of recognized authority in their several lines of research and are illustrated to the degree required by the text for full understanding, the number of figures presented being 548, besides ten full page plates. Special mention of each of these papers follows in their order as printed. ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES. The archæology of Chiriqui should be studied, not only for comparison with that of the territory comprised in the present political divisions of North America, but because geographically the province should be considered as a part of the North American continent. Until recently this isthmian region was little known, the explorations for railroads and canals having furnished the first valuable accounts of its modern inhabitants and the relics left by former occupants. The National Museum now contains a large and precious collection of archæologic material from the province, chiefly obtained by Mr. J. A. McNiel during years of enthusiastic labor. The information derived and the lessons to be learned from this collection, together with all particulars relating thereto gathered from other sources, are now presented in this paper by Mr. W. H. Holmes. His work in the classification of the immense number of objects and in the elucidation of their functions, material, construction, forms, and decorations has been careful and comprehensive. His manifest success has been owing to his artistic insight and skill as well as to his archæologic training. His ability in both fields can be appreciated by an examination of the 287 illustrations in his paper, considered not only as to their number, but as to their instructive arrangement in his text. The objects of ancient art found in Chiriqui are, as elsewhere in North America, derived almost entirely from graves. The cemeteries, apart from their contents and the mode of sepulture, constitute in themselves topics of interest which are discussed and illustrated in the paper. Another curious feature is that the objects buried generally appear to have been manufactured for mortuary purposes and not for use by the living. A general review of the contents of the graves shows that the ancient inhabitants were skillful in the manipulation of stone, gold, copper, and clay, and tombs of undoubtedly great antiquity yield evidence of long continued culture. It also appears that, while the art of the old peoples of the isthmus can in some respects be connected with that of adjacent regions in North America, in others it is remarkable for individuality. Ornaments of stone were seldom used by them and those of gold and copper were common. The articles of gold which the graves have yielded in large quantities to explorers during the last quarter of a century, and for which only they have until recently been searched, have generally been considered to be mere ornaments, but they probably had a fetichistic origin. It is remarkable that no weapon, tool, or utensil of metal has been noticed. The objects were generally formed by casting in molds, which was done with considerable skill, and gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. The art of alloying also appears to have been understood. The use of metals does not appear early in the order of technology, and an advanced degree of culture is generally attained before the casting of any metal is attempted. Without allowing too much weight to any argument based upon the surprising skill of these people in plating and alloying, the evidence of technical skill in general, together with the conceptions embodied in their art, proves conclusively that it was the product of a long period of experiment and progress. The pottery of Chiriqui is to be noted for the perfection of its technique, its high specialization of form, and its conventional use of a wide range of decorative motives. Its forms present many striking analogies to the wheel made ware of the Mediterranean, regarded as classic. The mythologic stage of the builders of these graves is shown by the fact that in their ceramic art there is no attempt to render the human face or figure with accuracy. The personages of their religious philosophy were zoömorphic and some of their forms may be discerned by a skillful analyst in or on all the ornaments and vessels. On each of the latter all decorative devices and delineations have some reference to the mythic creature associated with the vessel and its functions. Mr. Holmes has made an important discovery in the evolution of decoration in Chiriqui from which are deduced instructive generalizations of wide application. All the decorations originate (doubtless under the influence of the stage reached in mythologic philosophy) in life forms of animals, none being vegetal. Coming from mythologic concepts they are significant and ideographic, and coming from nature they are primarily imitative and non-geometric. Nevertheless the agencies of modification inherent in the practice of art through its mechanical conditions are such that the animal forms early employed have changed into conventional decorative devices, among which are the meander, scroll, fret, chevron, and guilloche. That this was the course of evolution of the classic forms of ornaments is not asserted; indeed, it is not necessary to form such a hypothesis, as by the interacting principles, well classified by Mr. Holmes, the course by which the same result was accomplished may have been wholly diverse. It is, however, shown that this was in all probability the particular and independent course in one region of America, being in that respect in distinct contrast to other art regions, such as that of the Pueblos, where the rise of geometric figures through technologic channels is equally obvious. It follows that in seeking to divide peoples by the criteria of their decorative arts the examination must embrace what is far more fundamental than a mere comparison of their finished products: these may be and are markedly similar without any evidence of transmission, and when in fact by deeper study the ascertained separate courses of development preclude such transmission. A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W. H. HOLMES. For several years Mr. Holmes has been engaged in the study of the ancient and existing art of the North American Indians, and has published in the annual reports of this Bureau a number of elaborate essays upon the art of specified peoples and regions. In the present paper he submits the comprehensive results of his studies in one great branch, the textile art, and treats chiefly of its esthetic relations as distinct from those of construction and function, so far as they can be separately discussed. He has been fortunate in the character of the material studied. In America there is yet found a great body of primitive, indigenous, and independent art, almost uncontaminated by the complex phenomena, processes, and conditions which elsewhere obscure its origin and development. To a knowledge of American art acquired by long study Mr. Holmes adds a mental equipment exceptionally qualifying him for its philosophic discussion. His conclusions therefore, presented with ample evidence and explained by illustrations, are to be received as those of a recognized authority, although they may disturb some sentimental and metaphysical fancies concerning abstract beauty in form, color, and design. It is not contended that the earliest concepts of beauty originated with textile art. On the contrary, it is probable that the first esthetic attempts were in the line of personal decoration, such as paints on the skin and pendants and feathers disposed about the person. But as the textile art appears early and widely in culture it is believed that the association of esthetic concepts with it very generally preceded their association with other arts. Having thus the start in the field, its nature was full of suggestions of embellishment, while it was fixed in its method of expression. The technique therefore shaped and directed the esthetic concept and became the parent of much geometric ornament. Mr. Holmes gives an instructive analysis of the forces and influences inherent in the textile art, the first lessons of which are order, uniformity, and symmetry; he shows how the necessities of technique determine ideas of the beautiful in linear geometric forms and how taste in selecting certain ornaments as the most beautiful is simply choosing that product which in the evolution of art gave it character and power. The influence of textile ornament upon other forms of art, such as architecture and sculpture, is discussed, as also the manner in which extrinsic decorative elements are remodeled in accordance with the rules of textile combination. The paper, however, does not undertake to cover the whole field of the development of form and ornament, being confined to the relation of the textile art thereto, and similar studies in all other grand divisions of art must be made before the relative importance of all their forces and tendencies can be estimated. But the laws of evolution in all art closely correspond, and the present paper is eminently instructive to all students of the esthetic. AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS. That Prof. Cyrus Thomas has long been engaged in the examination of the few Maya records in existence is known from his former works, "A study of the Manuscript Troano" and "Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts," both published by the Bureau of Ethnology. The object of the present paper is to give information of some original discoveries and to present some explanations not brought forward by Professor Thomas in his former papers. The records of Maya and Mexico yet challenge students with unsolved problems similar to those which in the writings of Egypt and Assyria have perplexed so many generations. The translation of the paleographic literature of this continent may be expected to throw light on the past of America, in some degree reproducing the brilliant result which has attended the translation of the hieroglyphs of the eastern hemisphere. Long and laborious comparisons, together with the trial of successive hypotheses, will be necessary to the decipherment of our aboriginal manuscripts, and but few competent persons are actively engaged in the work. It becomes, therefore, the duty of any one whose discoveries tend to clear up even minor points of the great problem to furnish them to his fellow laborers, and thereby limit the remaining field of investigation. In this paper Professor Thomas supplements his former work. OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY. This paper contains an account of a secret society of seven degrees, still existing among the Osage, in which the traditions of the people have been preserved. The author, by his skill and personal influence, has obtained and now furnishes two of these traditions in the original language, with an interlinear and a free translation of each and with explanatory remarks. The traditions are both cosmologic and sociologic, and are admirable examples of Indian philosophy. The existence of secret associations, periodically celebrating religious mysteries, and of shamanistic orders, which, by ceremonies, pictographs, and chants, have preserved in more or less purity the traditions of their ancestors, has been vaguely known for some years, but until lately no accurate or indeed intelligent account of them has been secured. The exertions of several of the officers of this Bureau have been successful in obtaining full details and clear explanations both of the traditions and the ceremonials of several of the Indian tribes, notably those of the Zuñi and the Navajo, published in former annual reports. The present paper by Mr. Dorsey takes an important place in this new collection of materials for the study of Indian philosophy, from which valuable results have been already acquired. THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS. For the express purpose of personal exploration and examination, the author of this important paper spent a considerable time in the region of which he treats. His course of travel was to Cumberland sound and Davis strait. The grand division of the Eskimauan linguistic family, inhabiting nearly the whole range of the Arctic-American coast, which has been classed as Central Eskimo, occupies the northeastern part of the continent and the eastern islands of the Arctic-American archipelago. It inhabits, at Smith sound, the most northern countries in which man has been known to dwell. Its southern and western boundaries are about Fort Churchill, the middle part of Back river, and the coast west of Adelaide peninsula. Dr. Boas gives an admirable account of the topography of the region and of the distribution, tribal divisions, and numbers of the inhabitants. His work is replete with valuable statements in minute detail and with acute suggestions regarding their habits and customs. Their peculiar and ingenious weapons, implements, and utensils are fully described and illustrated. His account of their religious practices and beliefs, supplemented by translations of their myths and legends, is equally entertaining and instructive. In connection with his observations made through original research, Dr. Boas presents the result of a close study and analysis of the work of former explorers in this field, by which his contribution to the study of this interesting hyperborean people will command additional attention. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. _Table showing amounts appropriated and expended for North American ethnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1885._ ──────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬───────────── Expenses. │ Amounts │ Amount │ expended. │appropriated. ──────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────── A. Services │ $30,433.55│ B. Traveling expenses │ 3,716.14│ C. Transportation of property │ 354.12│ D. Field subsistence │ 198.42│ E. Field supplies and expenses │ 535.45│ F. Field material │ 197.71│ G. Instruments │ 49.25│ H. Modeling material │ 40.11│ I. Photographic material │ 306.71│ K. Books and maps │ 355.85│ L. Stationery and drawing material │ 15.70│ M. Illustrations for reports │ 668.64│ N. Articles for distribution to Indians │ 23.69│ O. Office furniture │ 59.67│ P. Office supplies and repairs │ 36.61│ Q. Manuscripts │ 395.00│ R. Correspondence │ 15.43│ S. Specimens │ 71.00│ T. Collection of material for │ 1,326.61│ classification of the Indians in│ │ the United States │ │ Balance on hand to meet outstanding │ 1,200.34│ liabilities │ │ ──────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼───────────── │ 40,000.00│ $40,000.00 ──────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴───────────── ACCOMPANYING PAPERS. INDEX. A. Page. Acoma, collections of J. Stevenson from XLIX Adelung, J. C., cited 262 Adlet and Qadlunait, origin of the 637 Adlet or Erqigdlit 640 Aggomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 442-444 Aglio, Augustina, fac simile of Dresden Codex by 263-266 Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451 Aivillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 445-450 Akudnirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442 Akuliarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421 Alaskan Indians, illustration of ornamentation by 199 Alligator, utilization of, in Chiriquian art 130-140, 166, 173-176, 178, 80, 183 American Museum of Natural History, acknowledgments to 409 [American Museum of Natural History], figured specimens 472, 517 from Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, paper by W. H. 13-187 Holmes on Ancon, Peru, examples of ornamentation from graves at 212, 230, 231, 236, 243, 248 Anderson and Stewart, cited 458, 459 Apache, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 213, 223 Ardnainiq, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640 Arrowpoints and spearheads of Chiriqui 34 B. Back, cited 485 Baffin Land, description of 415, 416 [Baffin Land], distribution of tribes in 421-444 [Baffin Land], traditions of, with comparisons 641-643 Balboa, ornaments captured by 35 Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie etc., 409, 616 Verhandlungen der, cited Bessels, Emil, cited 412, 460, 486 Bibliography of the Languages of the North American XXIV-XXVI Indians Bickford, F. T., field work of XXVIII Bill Nix (W. P. Matthews), Osage traditions dictated by 377 Black incised group of Chiriquian pottery 80 Boas, F., remarks on paper respecting Central Eskimo by LVI, LVII [Boas, F.], paper on Central Eskimo by 399-669 Bollaert, W., cited 41, 45 Boothia Felix and Back River, tribes of 452-459 Böttiger, C. A., mention of Dresden Codex by 262 [Böttiger, C. A.], controversy with Abert concerning 267 Dresden Codex Brasseur, copy of the Manuscript Troano by 284, 286, 343 [Brasseur], cited 350 British Guiana Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 217 by C. Calendar system, tabular view of 270-274 Castillo del Oro, name given by Columbus to Chiriqui 35 Ȼegiha-English dictionary XLVIII Celts, collection of, from Chiriqui 29-34 Central Eskimo, remarks on paper of F. Boas on LVI, LVII [Central Eskimo], paper on, by F. Boas 399-669 Charency, H. de, cited 282 Chimu, Peru, ornamentation of "hall of arabesques" at 251, 252 Chiriqui, collections from tombs at XLIX [Chiriqui], ancient art of the province of, by W. H. 13-187 Holmes Cibola, identification of ancient cities of XLVI Clallam Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207 Codex Cortesianus, similarity of, to Manuscript Troano 286 and Dresden Codex Collinson, cited 503 Color in textile art 201, 202 Color phenomena in textile ornament 215-232 Comanche Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet XXXIV among Costa Rica, origin of name of 35 Cranz, D., cited 412, 586, 590 Cumberland Sound, description of settlements of 428-440 Curtin, J., linguistic field work of XXXVII, XXXVIII Cushing, F. H., office work of XLVI D. Dakota, organization of the 396 Darien, capture of, by Balboa 35 Davis Strait Indian tribes, snow houses of 541-544 Dease and Simpson, cited 458 De Zeltner, A. See Zeltner, A. de. Diller, J. S., 21, _note_ acknowledgment to Dogs and sledges of Eskimo 529-538 Dorsey, J. O., linguistic field work of XXXVI [Dorsey, J. O.], office work of XLVIII [Dorsey, J. O.], remarks on paper respecting Osage LV, LVI traditions by [Dorsey, J. O.], paper by, on Osage tradition 373-397 Dresden Codex, numerals in 261-338 Drums of ancient Chiriqui 157, 160 E. Ebert, F. A., description of Dresden Codex by 263 [Ebert, F. A.], controversy with Böttiger concerning 267 Dresden Codex Eenoolooapik, cited 410, 425, 464 Egede, H., cited 412 El Dorado, origin of 35 Ellesmere Land, natives of 459, 460 Emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 616-620 Emmert, J. W., field work of XXVI, XXVII Erdmann, F., cited 412, 597 Eskimo, the Central, by F. Boas 399-669 F. Falkenstein, K. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 268 Field work XXVI-XLII Figurines of Chiriquian art 151-153 Fillmore, exhumation of sepulcher at XLI Financial statement LVIII Fishing, Eskimo methods, of 513-516 Fleischer, H. L., mention of Dresden Codex by 263 Flight to the moon 598, 599 Form in textile art and its relation to ornament, with 196-201 illustrations from Indian work Förstemann, E., citation from Die Mayahandschrift of 261-269 [Förstemann, E.], cited 272, 278, 280, 281, 283, 290, 292, 293, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 320, 322, 329, 330, 339, 340 Fowke, G., field work of XXVI Frobisher, M., cited 410, 469, 558 Frobisher Bay, use of, by Eskimo 423 G. Gallatin, A., mention of classification of Indian XLIV languages by Garlic, C. A., field work of XXIX Gatschet, A. S., linguistic field work of XXXIII-XXXVI [Gatschet, A. S.], office work of XLVIII Geography, Eskimo knowledge of 643-647 Geometric design, relations of, to textile ornament 202-244 Gilder, W. H., cited 411, 456, 457, 458, 459, 466, 498, 522 Glossary of Eskimo terms 663-669 Gordon, A. R., cited 412, 463 Gosiats, water burial among XLI Götze, J. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 261 [Götze, J. C.], biographical sketch of 261, 262 H. Haida Indians, art among XLI, XLII Hall, C. F., acknowledgments to 409 [Hall, C. F.], cited 411, 422, 432, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 456, 457, 459, 462, 463, 464, 486, 499, 503, 509, 547, 578, 583, 589, 594, 595, 596, 601, 602, 606, 607, 608, 611, 614, 615, 639 Hallock, W., on Chiriquian methods of casting 38 Handled group of Chiriquian pottery 90-97 Harpoons of Eskimo, mode of constructing 489-494 Henshaw, H. W., linguistic field work of XXXI-XXXIII [Henshaw, H. W.], office work of XLV Herrera, cited 35 Hewett, J. N. B., field work of XXX, XXXI Hoffman, W. J., field work of XLI, XLII [Hoffman, W. J.], office work of XLV Holmes, W. H., office work of XLVIII, XLIX [Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on ancient art of the LI-LIV province of Chiriqui by [Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on textile art in its LIV, LV relation to the development of form and ornament by [Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on ancient art of the 13-187 province of Chiriqui [Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on textile art in its 189-252 relation to the development of form and ornament Huacals, exploration of, in Chiriqui 16, 17 Hudson Bay, tribes of western shore of 444-452 Hudson Bay district, geographic description of 414-418 Hudson Bay Indians, snow houses of 547 Humboldt, A. von, notice of Dresden Codex by 262, 263 Hunting, Eskimo methods of 471-513 I. Igdlumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463 Igdlungajung, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640 Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633, 634 Iglulik Eskimo tribe, snow houses of 546, 547 Iglulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444 Ijirang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640 Indian tribes, synonymy of XLIII-XLV Inuarudligang, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640 Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638 Inuit race, divisions of 420 Iowa, secret society among 396 Ititaujang; 615-618 Itivimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463 J. Jones, Mrs. J. A., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI K. Kadlu the thunderer 600 Kaiowē language, researches of A. S. Gatschet respecting XXXIV, XXXV Kalopaling 620, 621 Kangivamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463 Kansa, secret society among 396 Kayak, construction of 486-489 Keam, T., Tusayan products collected by XLIX Kingnaitmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424 Kingsborough, Lord, Dresden Codex copied by order of 262 [Kingsborough, Lord], Mexican Antiquities of, cited 266 Kinipetu or Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451 Kiviung 621 Klamath Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 208, 209, 227 Klamath language, work by A. S. Gatschet on grammar of XLVIII Kleinschmidt, Eskimo orthography of 413 Klutschak, H. W., cited 411, 448, 449, 451, 457, 458, 459, 466, 502, 509, 510, 516, 552, 553, 570, 582, 595, 596, 614, 615 Kouksoarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463 Kumlien, L., acknowledgments to 409 [Kumlien, L.], cited 412, 471, 474, 475, 482, 483, 524, 549, 550, 567, 589, 596, 606, 607, 610 Kunz, G. F., on use of insects as models in casting 38 metals [Kunz, G. F.], on Chiriquian methods of plating 39 L. La Fort, D., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI Landa, cited 348 Landa's alphabet, insufficiency of 259, 347 Lepsius, cited 418 Lipan Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII "Lost color" of Chiriquian art, nature of 86 Lost color group of Chiriquian pottery 113-130 Lyon, G. F., cited 410, 451, 463, 487, 497, 511, 579, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 592, 593, 610, 612, 613, 614, 615 M. M'Donald, A., cited 410 McGuire, J. D., collections of L Maclean, J. P., field work of XXVII M'Clintock, Captain, cited 411, 455, 456, 458 McCloud River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 221 McNiel, J. A., collection of relics from tombs of XLIX Chiriqui by [McNiel, J. A.], archæologic work of, in Chiriqui 14, 15, 20 [McNiel, J. A.], cited 17, 22, 23, 27, 31, 40, 41, 43, 46, 107 Mallery, G., office work of XLV Manufactures, Eskimo 516-526 Manuscript Troano, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343 [Manuscript Troano], study of, by C. Thomas, cited 339, 343, 344, 345, 350, 365, 366, 367, 370 Maroon group of Chiriquian pottery 107-109 Mason, O. T., acknowledgments to 409 Matthews, W., field work of XXXVIII-XL Matthews, W. P. (Bill Nix), Osage traditions dictated by 377 Maya and Mexican manuscripts, C. Thomas on, cited 280 Maya Codices, aids to the study of, by C. Thomas 253-371 Mealing stones of Chiriqui 25-27 Merritt, J. K., cited 14, 16, 49 [Merritt, J. K.], exploration of Bugaba cemetery by 17, 18, 20 Metates of Chiriqui, nature and use of 25-27 Mexican Antiquities, by Lord Kingsborough, cited 266, 267 Middleton, J. D., field work of XXVI-XXVIII Mindeleff, C., office work of XLVII, XLVIII Mindeleff, V., field work of XXIX, XXX [Mindeleff, V.], office work of XLVII, XLVIII [Mindeleff, V.], collections of XLIX Mintzer, W., acknowledgments to 409 Modoc Indians, linguistic work among XXXVI, XXXVII Moki, illustrations of ornamentation by 197, 205, 224, 225, 226, 238, 240 Moravian missionaries, cited 463 Mound explorations, field work on XXVI-XXVIII Mountain chant of Navajo Indians XXXIX, XL Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, acknowledgments to 409 [Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin], figured specimens from 472, 473, 474, 477, 479, 480, 481, 483, 486, 487, 488, 496, 508, 513, 514, 515, 518, 519, 520, 523, 531, 532, 554, 555, 556, 557, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 576, 613, 634, 644 Music and poetry of the Eskimo 648-658 N. Nadaillac, Marquis, cited 14, 38 [Nadaillac, Marquis], on Chiriquian methods of casting 38 Na-ishi Apache Indians, linguistic work among XXXV Narwhal, origin of the 625-627 National Museum, acknowledgments to 409 [National Museum], figured specimens from 474, 479, 480, 481, 487, 488, 489, 490, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 530, 531, 532, 535, 539, 555, 556, 559, 560, 563, 565, 566, 576 Navajo Indians, field work of W. Matthews among XXXVIII-XL Navigation, Eskimo proficiency in 643 Needlecases (?) of Chiriqui 150 Nelson, E. W., collection of earthen vessels from L eastern central Arizona by Netchillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 452-458 New Granada, burial customs in 19, 20 Niqotlizi, ceremonies at XXXIX, XL Norris, P. W., field work and death of XXVI Northeastern America, geography of 414-418 North Greenlanders 460 Northwest Coast Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 213, 218, 227, by 230 Nourse, cited 452 Nugumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424 O. Omaha, reticence of, as to secret societies 396 Onondaga, work of J. N. B. Hewitt among XXX, XXX Oqomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 424-440 Origin of the Adlet and the Qadlunait 637 Origin of the narwhal 625-627 Osage Indians, traditions among LVI Osage traditions, paper on, by J.O. Dorsey 373-397 Otis, F. M., paper on Panama ornaments by, mentioned 46 Owen's Valley, California, pictographic material from XLII P. Padlimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442 Parry, W. E., cited 410, 443, 444, 447, 451, 458, 464, 474, 475, 478, 487, 492, 494, 502, 509, 510, 517, 523, 533, 544, 545, 547, 552, 556, 557, 558, 559, 572, 574, 603, 614 Penn wampum belt 233 Penny, cited 425 Peruvians, ancient, illustrations of ornamentation by 211, 212, 214, 228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 248 Petermanns Mitteilungen, cited 409, _note_ Petitot, É., cited 412, 516 Piedra pintal, description of, by Seemann 21, 22 Pilingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444 Pilling, J. C., Bibliography of the Languages of the XXIV-XXVI North American Indians by [Pilling, J. C.], office work of XLV, XLVI Pima Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 220 Pinart, A. L., cited 14, 15, 20, 22 Piute Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 205 Poetry and music of the Eskimo 648-658 Polychrome group of Chiriquian pottery 140-147 Polynesian ornamentation, illustrations of 249, 250 Ponka, secret society among 396 Pottery of Chiriqui 53-186 Powell, J.W., report of operations of Bureau of XXIII-LVIII Ethnology by Pueblo Indians, researches among XXVIII, XXIX Q. Qailertétang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640 Qaudjaqdjuq 628-633 Qaumauangmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 422 Qinguamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424 Quapaw Indians, linguistic work among XXXVII R. Rae, John, cited 411, 445, 446, 448, 450, 451, 452, 455, 459, 478, 485, 510, 597 Rattles of ancient Chiriqui 156, 157 Red line group of Chiriquian pottery 109-111 Religious ideas of the Eskimo 583-609 Riggs, R. B., analyses by 49 Rink, H., cited 411, 420, 580, 586, 587, 590, 591, 598, 599 [Rink, H.], acknowledgments to 412 Rogan, J. P., field work of XXVI, XXVII Rosny, L. de, cited 267, 347, 355, 357 Ross, J., cited 410, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458, 469, 471, 478, 485, 508, 552, 553, 579 Royce, C. C., office work of L, LI S. Sagdlirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444 Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451 San Mateo Mountains, Indians near XXXIX Santa Barbara, Cal., pictographs at XLII Santa Barbara Indians, linguistic work of H. W. Henshaw XXXI-XXXIII among Saumingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424 Scarified group of Chiriquian pottery 87-90 Schellhas, P., cited 345, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364 Schultz-Sellack, K., cited 278 Schwatka, F., cited 445, 457, 458, 459, 464, 465, 470 Science and the arts among the Eskimo 643-658 Seal hunting, Eskimo method of 471-501 Sedna and the fulmar 583-587 Sedna feast 594 Seemann, description of piedra pintal by 21, 22 Seminole Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207 Sikosuilarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 463 Siletz Agency, linguistic work of J. O. Dorsey at XXXVI Silvestre, É., Paléographie universelle of, cited 267 Simpson, J., cited 411, 597 Simpson, T., cited 410, 458 Singing house of Eskimo 600-602 Sinimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 451 Sledges and boats, description of Eskimo 527-538 Smith, Mrs. E. A., field work of XXX, XXXI [Smith, Mrs. E. A.], office work of XLV [Smith, Mrs. E. A.], collections of XLIX, L Smith Sound, Eskimo tribes of 459, 460 Snow houses, of Davis Strait Eskimo 541-544 [Snow houses], of Iglulik Eskimo tribe 544 [Snow houses], of Hudson Bay Indians 547 Social life and customs of Eskimo 574-578 Songish Indians, burial customs and remains of XLII Spicer, J. O., acknowledgments to 409 [Spicer, J. O.], cited 489, 511, 587, 588, 611 Spindle whorls of Chiriqui 149, 150 Stearns, J. B., specimens in archæological collections 24, 41, 43, of 45, 48, 49 Stevenson, J., field work of XXVIII, XXIX [Stevenson, J.], collection of objects of Pueblo art by XLIX Stevenson, Mrs. J., researches among the Zuñi by XXIX Stools of ancient Chiriqui 154-156 Sturgis, A., acknowledgments to 409 [Sturgis, A.], cited 491 T. Talirpingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424 Tents of Eskimo, mode of construction of 551-553 Terra cotta group of Chiriquian pottery 67 Textile art in its relation to the development of form 189-252 and ornament, paper by W. H. Holmes on Thing, L. H., field work of XXVII, XXVIII Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings XLII Thomas, C., field work of XXVI-XXVIII, XXX [Thomas, C.], office work of XLVII [Thomas, C.], collection from mounds by L [Thomas, C.], abstract of paper on aids to the study of LV-LVI the Maya codices by [Thomas, C.], paper on aids to the study of the Maya 253-371 codices by Tonkawē Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII, XXXIV Tornait and angakut 591-598 Tornit, the 634-636, 640 Trade and intercourse between Eskimo tribes 462-470 Tripod group of Chiriquian pottery 97-107 Troano Manuscript, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343 Tule River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 219 Tununirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444 Tununirusirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444 Turner, L. M., cited 420, 462, 520, 565, 567, 608, _note_ Tusayan, model of the seven villages of XLVII [Tusayan], collection of fictile products of XLIX Tusayan ornament, illustrations of 247, 248 U. Udleqdjun 636, 637 Ugjulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458 Uissuit 621 [Uissuit], fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640 Ukusiksalirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458 Ungavimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463 V. Vater, J. S., cited 262 W. Walpi, model of XLVII Warmow, cited 425, 583 Whistles of ancient Chiriqui 164-171 White, B. B., description of cemetery in New Granada by 19 White line group of Chiriquian pottery 111-113 Wiener, cited 242 Wind instruments of ancient Chiriqui 160-171 Winnebago, sacred songs of the Iowa in 396 Y. Yarrow, H. C., collections of XLIX [Yarrow, H. C.], field work of XL-XLI [Yarrow, H. C.], office work of L Yokut Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 233, 234 Yuchi Indians, linguistic work among XXV Z. Zeltner, A. de, observations on graves in Chiriqui by 14, 18, 19, 41, 42 [Zeltner, A. de], cited 20, 22, 27, 43, 45, 140 [Zeltner, A. de], description of Chiriquian vases by 145-147 Zuñi, studies of Mrs. J. Stevenson among XXIX [Zuñi], culture growth of XLVI, XLVII [Zuñi], collection made at XLIX [Zuñi], illustrations of ornamentation by 239 TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES 1. Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors. 2. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 4. Enclosed bold font in =equals=. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 6TH ANN. REPORT--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that: * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.