<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% This is LTman, the preliminary version of the Manual for \LT\.
\ifx\lextexisloaded\undefined\input lextex\relax\fi
\newif\iflongversion
%\input newmacs
% At the moment it is *very* preliminary and pretty messy.
% It is also long since it includes a lot of macros, including
% indexing macros which would normally be \input separately.
% It is possible to produce it in two versions,
% ie, with and without the text of the LeXTeX macros.
% The default is to omit them.
%
% If you wish to print the full version, change \longversionfalse
% to \longversiontrue.
% However DO NOT DO THIS at the moment since the text of the macros is
% missing!!!!
\longversionfalse
% 
% 
% These are the indexing and index-formatting macros.
% They are adapted messily from manmac and elsewhere.
%
\def\index{\indextrue \writeindex}
\def\indexname{Index} % ditto
\def\topofindex{\centerline{\titlefont\indexname}}
\def\botofindex{\vfill\eject}
\def\indexreadfile{\jobname.inx} % file that gets index info
\def\indexwritefile{\jobname.inx} % file that takes it
\def\writeindex{\inform{Opening index file: }
 \openout\inx=\indexwritefile}
\def\readindex{\input \indexreadfile}

% Use second version for formatting unsorted index
%\def\formatindex#1 !#2 #3.{% orig "#1 !#2" #3.
\def\formatindex"#1 !#2" #3.{%
  {\ifcase#2 #1\or\tt #1\or\tt\bslash#1\or\tt&lt;#1&gt;\fi\space#3.}}
\def\printindex{% Print the index
  \write\inx{} % ensure that the index file isn't empty
  \immediate\closeout\inx % index information has been fully gathered
  \inform{Index: }\relax
\vtop{\topofindex}
   \begindoublecolumns
   \advance\baselineskip by0pt plus1pt minus0pt % add some give
   \tenpoint
   \parindent=0pt
   \parskip=0pt plus.8pt minus0pt
   \everypar{\hangafter1 \hangindent10pt\formatindex}
   \raggedright
   \tolerance=1000
   \relax
   \readindex\relax % read the index info
   \enddoublecolumns  
   \botofindex }% print the index page(s), don't terminate
%
% Manmac macros which can be used to print index in 2 cols.
%
\newbox\partialpage
\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup
  \output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox255\bigskip}}%
  \eject
  \output={\doublecolumnout}%
   \divide\hsize by2 \advance\hsize by-15pt % 15x2=inter col space
   \multiply\vsize by2 \advance \vsize by1pt}%
\def\enddoublecolumns{\output={\balancecolumns}\eject
  \endgroup \pagegoal=\vsize}
%
\def\doublecolumnout{\splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
  \dimen0=\pageheight %8.5in
   \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\partialpage
  \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen0
   \onepageout\pagesofar
   \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty}
\def\pagesofar{\unvbox\partialpage
  \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}}
\def\balancecolumns{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255} \dimen0=\ht0
  \advance\dimen0 by\topskip \advance\dimen0 by-\baselineskip
  \divide\dimen0 by2 \splittopskip=\topskip
  {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0
    \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen0
    \ifdim\ht3&gt;\dimen0 \global\advance\dimen0 by1pt \repeat}
  \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox1}
  \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox3}
  \pagesofar}
 %
% Modify \onepageout
\def\onepageout#1{\shipout\vbox{ % here we define one page of output
    \offinterlineskip % butt the boxes together
    \vbox to \pageheight{
      #1 % now insert the main information
      \ifvoid\footins\else % footnote info is present
        \vskip\skip\footins \kern-3pt
        \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt
        \unvbox\footins\fi
      \boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth
    } % this completes the \vbox to \pageheight
   \vbox{{\vskip10pt\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}}% This is added
    }
  \advancepageno}

% index macros
% adapted from manmac

\chardef\*=`\* % \* produces an asterix in text mode
\newif\ifsilent
% The \null a couple of lines down prevents something odd happening
\def\specialstar{\ifmmode\def\next{*}%
  \else\null\let\next=\beginindexref\fi\next}
\def\beginindexref{\futurelet\next\beginindexrefswitch}
\def\beginindexrefswitch{\ifx\next\specialstar\let\next=\silentindexref
  \else\silentfalse\let\next=\indexref\fi\next}
\global\catcode`\*=\active \global\let*=\specialstar
\def\silentindexref*{\silenttrue\indexref}
%
\chardef\bslash=`\\
\def\indexref{\futurelet\next\indexrefswitch}
\def\indexrefswitch{\begingroup
  \ifx\next|\aftergroup\vindexref % case 1 or 2, |arg| or |\arg|
  \else\ifx\next\&lt;\aftergroup\angleindexref
  % case 3, "\&lt;arg&gt;" means angle brackets. This may change.
  \else\aftergroup\normalindexref \fi\fi\endgroup} % case 0, "{arg}"
\def\vindexref|{\catcode`\\=\active \futurelet\next\vindexrefswitch}
\def\vindexrefswitch#1|{\catcode`\\=0
  \ifx\next\empty\def\indexreftype{2}%
    \def\next{{\tt\bslash\text}}% type 2, |\arg|
  \else\def\indexreftype{1}\def\next{{\tt\text}}\fi % type 1, |arg|
  \edef\text{#1}\makeindexref}
{\catcode`\|=0 \catcode`\\=\active |gdef\{}}
\def\angleindexref\&lt;#1&gt;{\def\indexreftype{3}\def\text{#1}%
  \def\next{\&lt;\text&gt;}\makeindexref}
\def\normalindexref#1{\def\indexreftype{0}
 \def\text{#1}\let\next=\text\makeindexref}
\def\makeindexref{\ifhmode\unskip\fi
   \xdef\writeit{\write\inx{"\text\space!\indexreftype"\space
     \noexpand\number\pageno.\endgraf}}\writeit
  \ifsilent\unskip\ignorespaces\else\next\unskip\aftergroup\ignorespaces\fi}
%
\newif\ifsortedindex
\def\typeofindex{\ifsortedindex
  \def\formatindex##1 !##2 ##3.{% orig "##1 !##2" ##3.
   {\ifcase##2 ##1\or\tt ##1\or\tt\bslash##1\or\tt&lt;##1&gt;\fi\space##3.}}%
  \def\indexreadfile{RHsind.tex}%
\fi\index}
%
% If we are not using a sorted the index, comment out next line.
%\sortedindextrue
%
% end of indexing macros

\def\storypage{24} % listing of story.tex

\def\AmSTeX{$\cal A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}\kern-.075em
  S$-\TeX}
\def\bull{\vrule height .9ex width .8ex depth -.1ex } % square bullet
%
% Set/adjust the defaults
\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt
\parindent 0pt
\twelvebase=15pt 
\tenbase=11.5pt
\ninebase=10pt
\quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt
\hsize=5.35truein
\vsize=8.5truein
\hoffset0.5truein
\voffset.5truein
\clubpenalty=2500
\widowpenalty=7500
\finalhyphendemerits=7500
\displaywidowpenalty=50
\brokenpenalty=2500
\global\cnindent=45pt
\global\clskip=\smallskipamount

% Start in 12 pt
\twelvepoint

% Misc defs
\def\sh{\noindent\titlefont} % Change this to give new page etc
\def\tbi{**{TeX book, the}}
\def\T{\TeX}
\def\TB{{\sl \T book\/}}
\def\WP{{\sl Word Perfect\/}}
\def\pctex{{\tt PC\TeX}}
\def\MF{{\tt MYFILE}}
\def\tex{{\tt .TEX}}
\def\dvi{{\tt .DVI}}
\def\log{{\tt .LOG}}
\def\TEX{{\tt TEX}}
\def\ver#1{{\tt $\backslash$ #1}}
\def\vn{0.96} % VERSION NUMBER
\def\r{\LT}% Change of name
\def\botofcontents{\vfill\eject} % this material will end it

% Latex logo
\def\sc{\scaps}
\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em
    T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}

\let\LT\LeXTeX

% Start here
\version{Version \fmtversion\ (draft 1)}
%
% Do not produce contents for the time being
%\contents
% Set title of contents page (for when used)
\ctstitle{%
  \centerline{\LeXTeX}
  \medskip
  \centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar}
  \medskip
  \centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh}
  }
%

\def\xyz{\iflongversion Long \else Short \fi}
\inform{}
\inform{This is the \xyz Version of the LeXTeX Manual}
\inform{}
\typeofindex
%
% This is the start of the text
%
%
\centerline{\headerfont \LeXTeX\ref{With apologies to the designer of the
\LaTeX\ logo.}}

\medskip
\centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar}
\medskip
\centerline{\ca Preliminary Incomplete Draft\se Manual}
\smallskip
\centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh}

\bigskip

{\sh ^{Introduction}}

\smallskip


\noindent\T\ is not a *{word-processor}; It is a *{text-formatter}. You
cannot use it to prepare your text; for that purpose you must use a normal
word-processor such as \WP\ or a text editor such as \ca Emacs\se. \T\ is
also not a ``*{what you see is what you get}'' program. It is suggested in
{\sl**{LaTeX}The \LaTeX\ Guide\/} \ref{Page 7.  \bo The \LaTeX\ Guide\ok is
published by Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-15790-X.}  that a better expression
for programs of that type is ``*{what you see is all you've got}''.  All
that \T\ does it to convert a text file into printed output, but it can be
extremely successful at the job. 

The way that \T\ works is to respond to commands inserted in the text in a
similar way to that in which a word processor responds to its  commands .
The difference is that \T\ commands are visible and have no effect
whatsoever while the file is being prepared; the commands inserted in a
word-processed file often take effect immediately so that, for example, text
to be centered is shifted to approximately the centre of the screen. Another
difference is that any \T\ command can be redefined at any time. To take an
example, the command |\centerline{This text is centered}| will normally
simply centre the words within the squiggly brackets. However it is
extremely simple to redefine the command |\centerline| so that it right or
left justifies the text, or prints it in italic type. In order to left
justify it all that would be necessary would be to add at the start of the
text file the command |\let\centerline=\leftline|. This would affect all
subsequent |\centerline| commands.

This ability to define and redefine commands, or macros, makes \T\ extremely
powerful and flexible. One result is that it is possible to divorce the
preparation of the text, for example the body of a Pleading, from the layout
of the document; the draftsman can concentrate on the content rather than
the form. To take an example, the command |\writ| is used when printing a
Writ. The draftsman need not be concerned with whether the command simply
types at the top of the page ``[Usual Formal Parts]'' or inserts the full
formal text. Further, if the command |\os| is substituted for |\writ| the
formal parts will automatically change; the draftsman need not be concerned
with what they say. Similarly if after re-reading the Instructions it
becomes apparent that they are given on behalf of the Defendant all that is
necessary is to substitute |\defence| for |\writ| and the appropriate layout
will be produced.

One well-known collection of macros that almost completely achieves this
separation is called \LaTeX\ after its author Leslie Lamport. It is,
however, designed principally for use by academics and so although extremely
good at producing papers for learned journals, is not so good at producing
the somewhat odd documents sent out by members of the Bar.

Another set of macros which has been produced by me (with the assistance of
many other people) is called \LT. The sole object of this package of
macros is to assist in the formatting of the type of work produced by
members of the Bar. It cannot claim to be any where near as good at its job
as \LaTeX\ is at its, and it will be modified in the future as its
deficiencies become obvious, but it is already reasonably effective.

There are versions of \T\ running on most modern computers from the \bo
Atari\ok home computer to the \bo Cray\ok super computer. In my own Chambers
\T\ has been installed on an \bo Acorn Archimedes\ok, a \bo Commodore
Amiga\ok, an \bo Apple Macintosh\ok and about half a dozen different MSDOS
clones. There are at least six different versions of \T\ available for MSDOS
machines, the differences between them being mainly questions of speed and
ease of use.

Every version of \T\ will format a given input file in an identical manner.
Although the source code for the program is in the public domain, its
author, Professor Donald Knuth, retains the copyright and will not allow any
program to be sold or given away under the name of \T\ unless it can be
demonstrated that its output is identical to the output of all other
versions. Any version of \T\ is, however, allowed to use different names for
the places where it keeps files. For example one version may keep certain
files in a directory called |texinputs| while another may use an entirely
different name. It is not therefore possible in this manner to describe in
detail how to run \T\ or \LT\ on any particular machine and for this you
must refer to the instructions for your particular version of \T.


\TeX\ does not show you on  screen what your text will look like as you type
it\ref{It is usually possible to look at the output produced by \TeX\ using
a screen previewer.}.  One reason for this is that it is almost impossible
to show \T's output on  screen. A normal computer screen has a resolution of
a few hundred dots in each direction. \T\ on the other hand uses scaled
points for  its calculations, and one hundred scaled points is roughly the
wavelength of  visible light; there are approximately 4,736,287 scaled
points to the inch, and a normal line of type is about 5.35 inches
long\ref{This is a slightly specious argument. The present generation of
laser printers print 300 dots to the inch and so would print no more than
1,605 dots on an average line.}. However, the main reason is that \TeX\ does
not decide where to break a paragraph into lines until it has read the
entire paragraph. The addition of one word to the end of a paragraph can
alter the place where every line in that paragraph is broken.


\bigbreak       

{\sh ^{Running \T.}}

\nobreak\smallskip

\noindent It is beyond the scope of this manual to explain the workings of
\T\ in detail. It is almost essential for a user of \T\ or any macro package
based on \T\ to acquire the main textbook on the subject, the \TB\ by
Professor Knuth\ref{Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-13447-0. The quotations from
this book used in this manual are printed with the permission of the
publishers.}. A shorter guide is \bo a Gentle Guide to \T\ok, by Michael
Droob. This can be downloaded in textual form from various electronic
bulletin boards such as |Legal Teleforum| or |CIX| or from the mailserver
|texserver@tex.ac.uk|  or can be purchased in printed form from \bo
UK\T\ok\ref{Details from Malcolm Clark, IRS, Polytechnic of Central London,
115 New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8JS, e-mail: malcolmc@mole.pcl.ac.uk},
the United Kingdom branch of the \bo \T\ Users Group\ok which has its
headquarters in America. 


Running \T\ involves the following steps---

\cl Prepare a file, using a word-processor such as \WP**{Word Perfect}\ or a
text editor such as \bo Emacs\ok.


\cl Save that file in *{ASCII}\ref{Text produced by \WP\ must be saved in
*|DOS TEXT| format.} using the *{file extension} \tex. For the purposes of
these Notes I will assume that the file itself is called ``\MF''\ref{Those
familiar with computer manuals will know that stupid names of this type are
always chosen for examples.}**|MYFILE|. The document should therefore be
saved in the current directory as \MF\tex.


\cl Apply \T\ to the  file  by typing \TEX\ \MF. Note that it is not
necessary to type the file extension (although no harm will come from  doing
so).  \T\ will produce two additional files, \MF\dvi\  and  \MF\log. The
latter contains error messages while the former, if your  file contained no
major errors, will contain the formatted text, ready  for printing. (*|DVI|
stands for ``*{DeVice Independent}''. A |DVI| file prepared on an IBM will
be identical to one prepared on an {\sl *{Archimedes\/}}, an {\sl
*{Amiga\/}}, an {\sl *{Atari}\/}, a {\sl *{Cray\/}} or a {\sl
*{Macintosh\/}}.)


\cl Print \MF\dvi\ref{This normally involves using a separate program. For
example, Personal \TeX\ Inc.\ produce a program called ``PTI\,HP'' which
prints on HP laser printers using an IBM compatible computer. |emTeX|, a
public domain version of \T\ for MSDOS computers comes with printer drivers
for most printers.}

\bigbreak \clno=0 
\noindent\MF\tex\ need only have one \T\ command in it. That command is
|\bye|, which tells \T\ that you have finished; anything that is typed after
the |\bye| will simply be ignored.  On the other hand, it could contain
hundreds of separate commands.  An intermediate type of file is the one
called ``STORY.TEX'' which is set out in {\it Fig.~1\/} (and is taken from
Chapter~6\ref{Page \storypage.} of the \TB\tbi). This file was prepared by
Professor Knuth in such a way as to demonstrate a number of points---

\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt
\vbox{\kern3pt#1\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}}

\newdimen\insertsize
\insertsize=\hsize
\advance\insertsize-12pt

\setbox100=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
\noindent\strut
\tenbase=11pt
\parskip=0pt

\tenpoint
 
\nrbeginlines  

**|STORY.TEX| 
|% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.| 
|\hrule| 
|\vskip .75in| 
|\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY}| 
|\vskip 6pt| 
|\centerline{\sl    by A. U. Thor} | 
|\vskip .5cm| 
|Once upon a time, in a distant| 
|  galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,| 
|there lived a computer| 
|named R.~J. Drofnats.| 
| | 
|Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as| 
|he preferred to be called---%| 
|was happiest when he was at work| 
|typesetting beautiful documents.| 
|\vskip .75in| 
|\hrule| 
| | 
|\bye|


\medskip
\nrendlines
\strut}

\midinsert 
\boxit{\boxit{\box100}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 1}}
\endinsert

\twelvepoint

\clno=0
\cl A *{percentage sign} (\%) in \T\ is a comment character  and so the
first line of the story will not be typeset by \T.  A number of the
following lines start with a backslash---the second line, for example, is
*|\hrule|. A backslash introduces a \TeX\ command---in this case  the
command draws a horizontal line across the page; the next command (*|\vskip
.75in|) tells \T\ to skip down the page by one inch.  It should be noted
that {\it all\/} of \T's commands start with a backslash.

\cl The command *|\centerline| (note the American spelling) centres the text
enclosed in squiggly brackets after it. (Many of \T's commands have
parameters enclosed in brackets like this). The next |\vskip| skips down the
page by six points\ref{There are 72.27 printers' points to an inch and so
this is slightly more than \frac1/{12}th inch.}, and the next line centres
the author's name in {\sl slanted\/} type, while the next after that skips
by half a \hbox{centimetre}.  

\cl The text which follows is decidedly odd\ref{The name of the computer
will be thought less odd by readers of the \TB\tbi.}, but it is intended to
show various things, such as the use of the tilde  ($\tilde{\phantom{x}}$)
as a tie, or  non-breakable space, between characters, the use of a number
of hyphens to produce a dash, various accents, the use of the percentage
sign to ensure that no spaces occur after the dash after ``called''\ref{In
\T\ a carriage return produces a space. The \% `comments-out' the space.},
the fact that many spaces have the same effect as one, and the fact that
quotation marks are made up of two single left or right quotes. (Some IBM
machines do not have left single quotes. This difficulty can be got round by
typing *|\lq| instead; it is also possible to set up a shorter command to
produce double left quotes.)   Since the percent sign is a comment character
it cannot be used directly for its normal purpose.  In order to print a
percent sign you must type a backslash in front of it (|\%|)**{percent sign
(\%)}.  Similarly, if you want to print \$, \&amp;, \#, \* or \_, you must type
|\$|**|dollarsign|, |\&amp;|**{ampersand}, |\#|**{hashsign,  (real)},
|\*|**{asterix}, or |\_|**{underline}.   Printing the backslash character
itself (|\|)**{backslash}, or the *{squiggly brackets} |{| and |}| is
slightly tricky but can be done if essential. 


When this file is \T ed, it will produce a *|DVI| file which, when printed,
will produce the result shown in {\it Fig.~2\/}.

\setbox101=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
\noindent\strut
\tenpoint% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.
\hrule
\vskip .75in
\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY}
\vskip 6pt
\centerline{\sl    by A. U. Thor} 
\vskip .5cm
Once upon a time, in a distant
  galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,
there lived a computer
named R.~J. Drofnats.


Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as
he preferred to be called---%
was happiest when he was at work
typesetting beautiful documents.
\vskip .75in
\hrule 
\vskip4pt
}

\midinsert
\boxit{\boxit{\box101}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 2}}
\endinsert


\twelvepoint
This text was printed in \T's *{default size}, that is to say, *{ten-point},
and with narrow line spacing, \etc.  The macro package \LT\ alters these
defaults, setting the standard point size to 12~point and the spacing
between lines to be 18~points. These can both be altered without difficulty.

\smallbreak
\LT\ adds a number of commands to those normally available in \TeX. If, for
example, you commence the Story file with the line |\input lextex| ,
substitute the line *|\opinion| for all the lines before the real text
begins and omit the final |\vskip .75in| and |\hrule| the result when the file
is \TeX ed will be something like {\it Fig.~3\/}. (Note
that \T\ is case sensitive: |\input| is not the same as |\INPUT|.)

The line |\input lextex| cause \T\ to read in the file containing the \LT\
macros. Since this is a large file it takes quite a long time. \T\ has the
facility to convert files such as \LT\ into a format which it can load at
high speed. Again the way in which it does this varies from version to
version. In general, however, the command will be something like |initex
&amp;plain lextex \dump|. Look up |initex| and |format files| in the manual
which comes with your version of \T\ for more details. The result should be
that a new format file is created with the extension |.fmt|. Your manual
should say where this should be placed; if it doesn't, try looking for other
files with the same extension and move it to the directory in which they are
found. 

Having created a new format file \T\ can be run using the \LT\ macros by
typing |tex &amp;lextex filename| (where `filename' is, of course, replaced with
the name of the file you wish to \T). (It is usual to create a batch file to
do this automatically.) It is then no longer necessary to add |\input
lextex| at the beginning of the file.

\setbox102=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
\noindent\strut
\tenpoint

% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.
%\hrule
%\vskip .5in
\twelvepoint % \twelvebase is the default size of 18pt
\hfuzz=1.5pt
\vsize=2.75in
\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt
\quoteparskip=1.5pt plus 1pt % The amount of \parskip in quotes
\parindent=20pt \quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt
%
%\opinion % Calling it here causes problems. Fudge it.
\centerline{\headerfont Opinion}
\nobreak\vskip10pt\noindent
Once upon a time, in a distant
  galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,
there lived a computer
named R.~J. Drofnats.


Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as
he preferred to be called---%
was happiest when he was at work
typesetting beautiful documents.
\signed% Also necessary since no \bye
}

\midinsert
\boxit{\boxit{\box102}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 3}}
\endinsert
\twelvepoint



You are now ready to learn in somewhat greater detail about \LT.

\vfil\supereject

\hfuzz=2pt
\centerline{\headerfont \r}\par
\bigskip 

It is customary in connection with computer programs to number the
*{versions} which appear before the production version with numbers less
than 1.0 and those of the production versions with numbers over 1.0.  (The
figure before the decimal point denotes a major release and that after it a
small modification.) Thus the version of \WP\ currently in use  is 5.1.
These Notes and \r\ are both the \fmtversion\ versions\ref{Until recently
\LT\ was known as |RHfmt| and went through versions 0.001 to 0.911. The fact
that \LT\ has a number larger than 1 does not mean that it is perfect.} and
as a result suffer from many deficiencies---and this manual contains a
number of spelling and grammatical mistakes; it almost certainly describes
some of the macros incorrectly\ref{You got it free and so you cannot
complain \ca too\se loudly.}. \r\ itself has been in use for over two years
but has been altered and rewritten on a number of occasions. A large part of
it is pretty stable and relatively bug-free (in so far as it is possible for
any computer program to be bug-free) but other parts, and in particular
those that deal with pleadings are still far from perfect. These problems
will usually manifest themselves as poor spacing or bad layout. They should
not give rise to any insuperable difficulties.
                                              
\medskip
The written work of members of the Bar falls into three classes. First there
is advisory work, whether or not in connection with litigation, then there is
the production of non-litigious documents, and finally there is the
production of pleadings of all types. \r\ has been designed to enable all of
this work to be produced  using \TeX\ as simply as is possible. I will try
and explain the various commands under the same three headings, although it
is perfectly possible to use, for example, a macro intended for use in a
Statement of Claim in an Opinion\ref{Or Advice or other form of written
advisory work.} or a Draft.

\vfil\break
{\sh ^{Written Advice.}}
\nobreak\smallskip\noindent
As was seen above, if you type *|\opinion| at the start of your file, an
Opinion will be produced. Similarly, typing *|\advice|, *|\note| or
|\jopinion| will put ``Advice'', ``Note'' or ``Joint Opinion'' at the top of
the page.  The command |\opinion| is actually shorthand for
|\advising{Opinion}|. The command **|\advising||\advising{type of advice}|
tells \T\ that what follows is written advice and should be formatted
appropriately.

It is very easy to set up other forms of header for written work. If
you use the style that requires the name or the case-name to be put at the top of
your written work then, for example, |\advice| could be redefined
as---

 |\def\advice{\centerline{\bstitle}|\hfil\break
 |\smallskip\advising{Advice}}|.\hfil\break

(For |\bstitle|  see\ \pageref{bstitle} below.)

\TeX, being an American program, believes that the ``\pounds\/'' symbol is
unnecessary.  Indeed, the font in which this is being typed does not contain
a pound sign (although it contains various other odd symbols such as ?` and
!` and possibly \AA\ and $\widehat \Psi$\ref{Mathematicians
are apparently delighted by being able to type such wondrous things as
$\Upsilon^{\Phi^{\varpi^\surd}}$ and $\sharp_{\forall_{\Phi_\triangle}}$,
especially in a footnote.}).  \TeX\ being a typesetting, rather than a
wordprocessing, program, this does not cause significant difficulties since
it is possible to use the pound sign from other fonts.

In order to print ``\pounds'' the user of \r\ should type *|\pounds|.  It is
not essential to leave a gap between the ``s'' and the sum---\TeX\ will
remove it if you do leave one.

\font\seventeenrm=cmr17
\tolerance=1000 \r\ sets up fonts in families of a particular point size. 
The default size---which I recommend should be used as the standard size---is
*{12-point}; my view is that tenpoint script is not reproduced very well by a
laser printer at *{300 dpi}.  Other sizes are *{10-point}, and *{9-point}. 
They can be  brought into use by typing *|\twelvepoint|, *|\tenpoint|, and
*|\ninepoint|.  The user \tenrm should not \ninerm find it necessary
\eightrm to \sevenrm select  \sixrm the smaller \fiverm or larger \sixrm
sizes since \eightrm\TeX\ and \r\ together \ninerm automatically \tenrm
select \twelverm the appropriate size in most situations. However, it is
possible for the experienced user to select \seventeenrm any\ref{This is 17
point.} \twelverm size if necessary. Any *{mathematics}, including simple
fractions such as $15\over543$ or \frac{32}/{67}, will, with a bit of luck,
be typed at the correct size. 

As is explained in the \TB, the command *|\rm| produces roman type, *|\it|
produces \ca italic\se type, *|\sl| produces \bo slanted\ok type and *|\bf|
produces {\bf bold} type in the current point size.  \r\ adds a few more
types of font. The command *|\ul| {\ul underlines the following text} and
the command *|\xo| {\xo crosses it out}. There is also the command *|\xu|
for underlined and crossed-out text, *|\xxl| for doubly crossed-out text and
*|\uul| for doubly-underlined text. All these are intended for use with
amended pleadings but at the moment need to be used with some care. 

*{Footnotes} are used by typing either *|\footnote|  or (preferably) *|\ref|
followed immediately by the footnote text in |{}| brackets---there must be
no gap between the command and the opening |{|. (Very occasionally the text
of a footnote may seem to disappear **{disappearing text} when the text is
printed.  For example, if a footnote is used in the *|\ssd| macro---see
below---the text may disappear.  The reason is too complicated too explain
here.  The solution is to type  *|\footnotemark| where the footnote number
should go and *|\footnotetext| immediately after e.g. the *|\ssd| macro.) 

Footnotes are normally numbered automatically. There are a number of
commands available for use in relation to footnotes---see {\sl The Joy of
\TeX\/}\ref{Published by Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}**{Joy of TeX,
the} by Michael {Spivak}**{Spivak, Michael}, pages 162--165, for details.
The command |\ref"*"{Like this}|, for example, uses an asterix as the
marker\ref"\*"{Like this.}, **{asterix as footnotemarker} and similarly
|\ref"\dag"{Or this}| and |\ref"\ddag"{And this.}| use a dagger\ref"\dag"{Or
this.} and a double-dagger\ref"\ddag"{Like this.} to be used as a
footnotemarker, and the command |\ref[45]{Like this.}| enables the number
used for a particular footnote to be specified\ref[45]{Like this.}.

\tolerance=500
*{Case-names} are printed in the normal style, that is to say, in italic
type. As an example,  \ca Monnickendam \v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445,
67 Sol Jo 706}.   \hfuzz=6pt This was typed---\par |\ca Monn|\-|ick|\-|endam
\v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445, 67 Sol Jo 706}|.

The *|\ca| and *|\se| macros must surround the case name (and there must be a
space after the ``ca''); the *|\ref| macro prints the reference as a
footnote. In this case the ``v.'' was printed in roman type; if you prefer an
italic  ``v'', whether with or without the fullstop\ref{The All England
Reports use an italic ``v'' without a fullstop.}, omit the backslash. 
\hfuzz=2pt

A similar pair of macros is *|\bo| and *|\ok|. These set the names of
books---such as \bo Bowen \on the Coal Act 1938\ok in {\sl slanted\/} type.
In  this case *|\on| was used in order to produce the vertical ``on''.

Two further macros are |\beginquote| **|\beginquote| and |\endquote|.
**|\endquote| These are, perhaps not surprisingly, intended for
*{quotations}. The former should be used after a blank line and will cause
the text which follows to be typed in tenpoint type.  The  first paragraph
will not normally be indented, but subsequent ones will---

\beginquote  No quotation marks are used. If you want them, they must be
typed manually. At a later stage it may be possible to provide them
automatically but macros to do this are a bit tricky to write.

\clindtrue
\clearclno
\cl It is possible to use the automatic clause numbering---see
\pageref{Clausenumbering} below---in quotations, and mathematical
expressions, such as $129 \over 7,934$, will be printed at a smaller size
than they would be printed in twelvepoint type.

\endquote

\noindent
In order to quote a numbered sub-clause, without the corresponding clause, it
is preferable to use the macro *|\beginsclquote| which alters the indentation
of the quotation---

\beginsclquote
\scl If |\beginquote| had been used, this sub-clause would have been inset too far. 
There are also the macros *|\beginssclquote| and *|\beginsssclquote|. In each
case the macro which ends the quotation is the same, that is to say
*|\endquote|.
\endquote

It sometimes happens that one wants to refer to something on a different
page, earlier or later, of an Opinion. \r\ provides a number of macros to
assist in this. At the point in the text which contains the matter to be
referenced insert |\xref{stuff}| **|xref| (where |stuff| is a word of your
own choosing). At the point in the text where you want to say ``see
Page\dots'' type ``|see \pageref{stuff}|''. **|\pageref| It will now be
necessary to run \TeX\ on the file twice; the first run will find the
cross-reference and the second will insert it into the text\ref{This is
similar to the \WP\ |generate| command. The reference to
\pageref{Clausenumbering} above was put into the text using this command.}. 
As will be seen below\ref{\pageref{clauseref}.}, there is a corresponding
command |\clref{stuff}| **|\clref| which inserts a reference to the
appropriate clause or sub-clause, and various related commands.

At the end of your Opinion type the command *|\bye|. This will automatically
produce the following---

\signed

\vfilneg
\smallskip
It may be, of course, that you do not want Lincoln's Inn at the
bottom of your Opinion. If the command |\let\inn=\middletemple|
**|\middletemple| (or *|\grays| or *|\temple| or *|\innertemple|) appears
before *|\signed| the appropriate alteration will be made.   These
alterations are usually made to the |RHlocal| file.

It will be seen that the date has a comma in the middle of it. This
is the default. Again, it is possible to alter this by incorporating in the
file the command *|\nocommaindatetrue|. The date is inserted after the
signature automatically by the command *|\today| which can be used elsewhere
in your text to produce today's date.


\bigbreak \noindent The command *|\bye| will also produce a
backsheet**{Backsheets} for the Opinion. In order to be able to work,
however, it must know what to put on the backsheet. This information may
include the date, the title of the matter, the type of document---that is to
say, is it an Opinion, a Note or something else?---and the name and address
of the Solicitors. 

\TeX\ knows the date and has been told the nature of the document by the
command |\opinion|, but it must find the remainder of this information in the
file. The simplest case is that of an Opinion in a non-litigious matter
where the Opinion is the only document being produced.  In those
circumstances the easiest method of providing \TeX\ with the information is
to incorporate at the start of the file (that is to say, before the
|\opinion| command) the following text---

\beginlines
|% backsheet info|
|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
|\colsref{SUEGRA/99}|
\endlines

The first of these commands, *|\bstitle|, \xref{bstitle} sets up the title
that will appear on the backsheet. This can, if required, be more than one
line long. \LT\ will try to find an appropriate place to break the text; it
can be told where to do so by the insertion of the command *|\break| at the
appropriate place.

The command *|\solsref| is short for ``Solicitors' Reference'' and it means
the reference given \ca by\se the Solicitors. *|\colsref| is short for
``Counsel's Reference''. The default macros expect this reference to be in
the form used by the ``ACE'' Barristers' accounting system.

*|\colsref| is a complicated macro and I have no intention
of explaining here how it works. Its main object is to search a separate file
called *|solicitors.tex|, which will probably be found in the directory called
|\TEX\INPUTS|, for the name and address of the Solicitors concerned.
Instructions for adding further names and addresses to this file will be found
at the start of it. 

This simple Opinion requires only one other command  and that is *|\bye|. This
will tell \TeX\ that it is complete and can be fully processed. To summarise,
the file will take the form---

\beginlines

|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
|\opinion|
|This is an Opinion.|
|\bye|

\endlines

In addition to printing the Opinion and its backsheet, \r\ will by default
also produce a fee chit giving details of the work done and so on for the use
of the Clerks. Some further information will be included on this if some or
all of the following additional lines are included at the start of the
file---

\beginlines

|\timetaken{3} % hours |
|\casetype{breach of trust}|
|\value{50,000} % pounds|
|\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
|\proposedfee{vast}  |
|\legalaidno{N/A}|
|\comments{slightly tricky}|

\endlines

It is often useful to be able to produce such a chit in relation to a
Conference, and particularly a telephone conference. \r\ provides the
commands *|\conference| and *|\telcon| for this purpose; enter the required
information (using the macros shown above) and then type one or other of
these commands followed by |\bye|. For example---

\beginlines
|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
|\timetaken{.5} % in hours|
|\casetype{breach of trust}|
|\value{50,000} % pounds|
|\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
|\proposedfee{?}  |
|\legalaidno{}|
|\comments{slightly tricky}|
|\telcon|
|\bye|
\endlines

Will produce something like the following---

\bigskip
\begingroup %preserve pagenumbering, etc

%\vtop{
\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}
\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}
\colsref{SUEGRA/99} 
\timetaken{.5} % in hours
\casetype{breach of trust}
\value{50,000} % pounds
\difficulty{7} % out of 10
\proposedfee{vast}  
\legalaidno{}
\comments{slightly tricky}
\telcon
\chit
%}
\endgroup

\bigskip
There is a further command called *|\faxsheet|.
This does what might be expected of it. If it is the last command in the
files before |\bye| it will automatically count and print out the number of
pages being sent. The command |\attention{Mr Jones}| **|\attention| will
mark the Fax for the attention of that gentleman; |\comment{Here at last are
the documents I promised you.}| **|\comment| will put a (short) comment on
this cover page. 


\vfil\eject
{\sh ^{Non-litigious Drafts and similar documents}}

\nobreak\smallskip

\noindent A draft document is usually formatted somewhat differently to a
piece of written advice. In order to tell \T\ that it is formatting a draft
the text of it should commence with |\draft{document type}| **|\draft| (the
document type being for example ``LEASE''). If you draft a lot of a leases
it would, of course, be possible to define *|\lease| to mean
|\draft{LEASE}|.

Most drafts contain numbered clauses. The production of macros to number
clauses automatically is tricky since people tend to have different ideas as
to how documents should be numbered.  \r\ has been written in such a way as
to permit the default numbering style, which is that now used in statutes
and other similar documents, to be altered as easily as is
possible.\xref{Clausenumbering} 

Clauses are produced by typing the command *|\cl| at the beginning of a line
followed by one or more spaces and then the text of the clause.  The default
is for clauses to be numbered in Arabic numbers\ref{If you go above 999, it
may be necessary to make some alterations to the normal indentation of
clauses.}, the number being followed by a full stop--- \goodbreak

\clearclno
\cl This is the first clause. There is also the command *|\ncl| which can be
used when clause numbering is not required **{un-numbered clauses}. This can
be useful when a subclause is followed by a proviso **{provisos} which forms
part of the main clause.

Sub-clauses have the command *|\scl| either at the beginning of a line or
immediately after a *|\cl| possibly with one or more spaces between the two
commands.  There  must be a blank line between a clause and its sub-clause 
unless they are intended to be on the same line. (It you do not leave the
blank line they {\bf will} be on the same line, whether you like it or not.)

Subsequent sub-sub-etc-clauses take the form *|\sscl|, *|\ssscl| etc.---the 
maximum being five `s's.  In order to discourage the drafting style which
uses such numerous sub-clauses the default numbering is as follows---

\cl This is Clause 2

\scl This is sub-clause 1

\sscl This is sub-sub-clause 1

\ssscl This is sub-sub-sub-clause 1

\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 1.

\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2.

\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3.

\ssssscl This is *{sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause} 1

\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2

\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3

\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 4. (Using more than four
sub-etc-clauses of this type is not recommended, since the spade is the last
character in this particular font!)

\nssssscl \relax This is |\nssssscl|

\nsssscl This is |\nsssscl|

\nssscl This is |\nssscl|

\nsscl This is |\nsscl|

\nscl Now |\nscl|

\ncl Finally |\ncl|

If the |\sssscl| or |\ssssscl| form of numbering is unwelcome, type\break
*|\greekfalse| at the start of your document to turn off the *{Greek
numbering} and (or) *|\cardfalse| to turn off the *{playing cards}.  (Boring
letters will be substituted.)

\noindent|\cardfalse|\cardfalse

\hfuzz=2.8pt
\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl
\par

\noindent|\cardfalse|\par\noindent|\greekfalse|\greekfalse

{\overfullrule=0pt% !
\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl
\inform{  (don't worry about this...)}
\par}

\noindent\cardtrue\greektrue

\cl The clauses will have as a default  hanging indentation. **{hanging
indentation in clauses} As a result, the second and subsequent lines of the
clause will be indented to the same extent as the first line and will line
up with the number of the next sub-clause---

\nobreak
\scl Like this.  In order to turn off this default type *|\clindfalse|. (The
name is a sort of abbreviation for ``clause indentation false''.)

\noindent|\clindfalse|\clindfalse

\scl The effect will be that the second and subsequent lines will line up
with the number of the same clause (or sub-clause) in the more normal manner.
Hanging indentation is by default turned off in this way in Opinions.

\smallskip

In certain circumstances, for example, in Opinions, it may be necessary to
reset the Clause **{resetting clause numbers} numbering, or to start from
some number other than~1.  The Clause number is held in a register called
*|\clno|, while the sub-clause numbers are held in registers which use the
names *|\sclno|, etc.  Any such register can be reset at any time.  To reset
the clausenumbering to zero (so that the next Clause is numbered~1) type
*|\clearclno|. If you are typing a rider **{riders} starting at, say,
Clause~12, set |\clno| to one less at the start (i.e., to 11) by typing
|\clno=11|. **|\clno| Similarly, subclauses and so on can be reset by typing
*|\clearsclno|, *|\clearssclno| and so on.

Although the style of numbering set out above can be said to be standard,
there does not seem to be any standard form of `numbering' *{Recitals}. \r\
by default uses capital letters for Recitals and small roman numbers for
sub-recitals. The command *|\rec| at the beginning of a line followed by one
or more spaces and then text prints recitals in the form---

\clindtrue
\rec This is a recital. The ``numbering'' and the indentation are
automatic.

\srec This was produced by *|\srec|.

In addition to |\cl| and |\ncl| (and |\scl|, |\nscl| and so on) there are two
other classes of clause-making macros. The first it *|\tcl|. This is used
with a parameter in squiggly brackets, for example |\tcl{NOTE:}|. In this
case the word ``NOTE:'' is put where the number would normally be, and the
remainder of the first line of the clause is adjusted accordingly. The other
is *|\xcl| which also takes a parameter, for example |\xcl{[1]}|. In fact
all the other clause-numbering macros use |\xcl| in order to work.

A recent addition to \r\ is the facility to use what is generally called
``computer numbering''.**{computer numbering} If the command
*|\computernumbering| appears in your file |\cl|, |\scl|, \etc\ will produce
clauses numbered as follows---

{\computernumbering 
\cl This is the first clause.

\scl This is a subclause.

\sscl This is boring.

\ssscl The amount of indentation is set by a parameter called\break *|\cnindent|.
Here it is set at \the\cnindent.\par}

\bigbreak


Cross-references in drafts often refer to a particular clause of sub-clause.
If the command |\xref{stuff}|**|\xref| appears in a draft and elsewhere
there appears, for example, ``|subject to
\clref{stuff}|''\xref{clauseref}there will be substituted
automatically\ref{After two runs through \TeX.} for the latter command a
reference to the appropriate clause or subclause; it is not necessary for
the draftsman to know whether the |\xref{}| command appears in a clause, a
sub-clause, a sub-sub-clause or whatever. If
|\def\clause{Paragraph}| appears at the top of the text then
the reference will be to a paragraph number. Similarly ``Sub-clause'' can be
redefined as ``sub-paragraph'' by |\def\subclause{sub-paragraph}|

There are similar commands **|\noteref|**|\schedref|**|\appref|
|\noteref{stuff}|, |\schedref{stuff}| and |\appref{stuff}| or
cross-referencing footnotes, schedules and appendices.

If at the beginning of a draft you type after a person's name ``{\tt of}
|\noaddr|'' **|\noaddr| an appropriate gap (based on an address in *{Railway
Cuttings, Cheam}) **{Hancock}will be left. (This does not yet always  work,
although it is better than it was.)   There are similar macros known as
*|\nodate| (which prints in effect ``\nodate''), *|\noyear| (which is similar
but leaves you to insert the year), *|\noday|, *|\nomonth| and *|\noname|
(which leave  suitable blank spaces), and *|\nopounds| (which produces
``\nopounds'').


A normal hyphen in an upper-case name tends to look wrong as, for example,
in SIR HENRY WILLIAM-WORDSWORTH. The macro *|\uc-|**{upper-case hyphen} can
be used in these circumstances to raise the hyphen which gives a
better-looking result---SIR HENRY WILLIAM\uc-WORDSWORTH. (There is also the
macro *|\duc-| which provides a *{discretionary upper-case hyphen}, but this
is for the real \TeX perts only.)

If at the end of a draft (but before the signature) you type
\hfil\break|\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}| **|\ssd| **{signed, sealed and
delivered} the effect will be--- \bigskip

{\noindent\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}}           

\bigbreak
If you type |\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}| **|\ssc| the effect is like
this---
\smallskip
{\noindent\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}}

\bigskip
Similarly, |\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}| **|\ssw| will produce the
following---

{\parindent=0pt\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}}

(There is also a general purpose macro, *|\ssgen| which can be used to insert
any text to the left of a big bracket.   See also in the \TeX nical Manual
(when it is produced---it will set out all the macros used in \LT\  and
explain, or try to explain, how they work.) *|\rbracket| and *|\lbracket|.)


\bigskip Although it has not been usual in the past to set out the
testimonium in full, I have often noticed when drafts which I have settled
are returned to me how Solicitors have  written it in in longhand before
giving the draft to their Secretary to type. Inserting it in full saves them
the trouble. If you do not approve of this practice you can use 
*|\witnessetc| which will produce---

\smallskip {\parindent=0pt 
\witnessetc\par
}
\par
\medskip
The macros *|\whereas| and *|\now| produce---

\whereas

\noindent and

\now

\bigskip\bigbreak

The macros *|\wwhereas| and *|\nnow| have odd names but can be used where
there is only one recital or clause; the former simply types ``WHEREAS'' and
the latter ``NOW THIS DEED WITNESSETH''. 

Other useful macros are *|\schedule|, *|\appendix| and *|\part| which can be
used to produce schedules and appendixes. It there is only one schedule it
will be called ``the Schedule''. If there are more than one they will be
numbered appropriately. If the command |\xref{stuff}| appears in a schedule,
a reference elsewhere in the document to |\schedref{stuff}| will refer to
the correct schedule (after two runs through \T).

\centertext{It is sometimes quite effective to centre the text in a Schedule
(or elsewhere---as in this paragraph) over several lines. \r\ provides the
command {\tt\bslash centertext}  for this purpose. Its usage is similar to
that of {\tt\bslash centerline} but it centres more than one line. It is
derived from a macro which can be found on page~317 (exercise 14.34) of the \TB.}

The modern form of *{stamp duty certificate} can be produced by typing, for
example, |\sdcert{A}|  **|\sdcert| which produces---

\sdcert{A} 

*|\dovcert| and *|\giftcert| provide the appropriate letters for use with
deeds of variation and gifts inter vivos.


It sometimes happens that a number of different versions of a draft or
Opinion are prepared.  **|\version| Typing |\version{Version 1}| will print
{\fiverm Version 1} in miniscule type\ref{The size is 5-point.} at the bottom
of each page. An example can be seen at the bottom of the current page.


Another small control sequence which is useful in drafts is ``*|\,|''.  This
adds a small bit of space and can be used to separate two names in a deed.
Another is *|\etc| which produces \etc\ \ **|\frac| |\frac 5/6| produces \frac
5/6. (To produce \frac {27}/{85} it is necessary to put the double figures
into squiggly brackets like this--- |\frac {27}/{85}|.) A `normal' fraction,
such as $27\over 85$ can only be typed using ``*{maths mode}''. The fraction
in the previous sentence was typed |$27\over 85$|.

\bigskip
The command *|\bye| produces an appropriate backsheet for the deed. It also
types towards the bottom of the last page---\par 
\def\csettled#1{% Fudge it.
 \par\nobreak \vskip20pt 
 \hbox{\hskip\signindent\vtop{% 
 \advance\hsize by-\signindent 
 \parindent0pt \raggedright\tolerance=1000 
 Settled,
 \ignorespaces#1 \vskip20pt 
 \inn \hbox{\today}}} 
 \vskip20pt}

\bigskip
\settled

\nobreak
As in the case of *|\signed| it is possible to change `the Inn' to whichever
may be required.

\bigbreak A backsheet for a draft will be produced automatically. Again it
will be necessary to supply \r\ with the appropriate information. However,
if the appropriate information has been supplied earlier in the file (for
example in an Opinion) it is not necessary to repeat it. The command
|\draft{LEASE}| will have given  \r\ the document name to insert on the
backsheet.

If an Opinion and a Draft are incorporated in the same file, it is often
useful to know where one ends and the next begins. While it is processing a
document \r\ will show a succession of triplets of numbers on the
screen.**{Page numbering} The first number is the page number of the current
document, the second is the *{overall page count}, and the third is the
number of the document being processed.  This information will also be found
in the *|log| file produced by \TeX.

It is sometimes useful to produce a *{Table of Contents} for a draft. If the
command *|\contents| appears at the beginning of the draft this will be done
automatically. It is, of course, necessary to provide the information which
is to be entered into the table. This is done by using the ``magic''
*{circumflex} commands. If immediately after a *|\cl| command there appears
the command {\tt\hat\strut}|{Stuff}|, the Table of Contents will get an entry
such as---

\line{Clause 6. Stuff\dotfill 4}

Similar results will be obtained if the command follows a *|\scl| or a
*|\sscl|. In this case ``stuff'' will appear in both the Table of Contents
and the text where it was found. If two circumflexes are used, **{circumflexes,
two} however, ``stuff'' becomes invisible in the text and only appears in the
Table of Contents. 

One final command is *|\engrossment|. This as the effect of removing the word
``draft'' from the backsheets and deleting the ``Settled'' at the end of the
draft.  

\vfil\eject 
{\sh ^{Pleadings}}

\nobreak\smallskip
\noindent
Here we come to what is perhaps the most complicated part of \r, and the part
containing most bugs. These notes for the time being will only skim
the surface and show how the macros are used; they will not attempt to
explain how they work---for that you must consult the \TeX nical manual
(when written). However, if you have got this far you may not need any
explanations and will be able to discover all the secrets by simply
reading \LT.

The macros were originally written by me some time in 1989. A considerable
amount of work has since been done on them by Gilead Cooper, Robert Ham and
others and their efforts and suggestions have persuaded me to make a number
of further improvements. However, a large amount of work still remains to be
done.

\medskip
I will start with High Court litigation. To take as an example a case
commenced in the Chancery Division. This will normally have a reference
consisting of three items, that is to say, the year, a letter and a number.
To show that the case is in the Chancery Division type the following
command---

|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|. 


If the full reference is not known simply type *|\ch| or
|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}|}|. The commands for proceedings in the Queen's
Bench and Family Divisions are similar; the former is
|\qb{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}| **|\qb| and the latter
**|\family||\family{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|. Why in the latter case is
it not |\fam|? Simply because *|\fam| is already used by \TeX\ for something
else and the consequences of redefining it would be dire in the extreme.

The name of a Plainiff is given by the following command---

|\plaintiff{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|. 

His address takes the form |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|. The names and
addresses of Defendants and Third Parties are given in a similar fashion
using |\defendant{name}| and |\of{address}|.**|\of| and
|\thirdparty{name}|**|\thirdparty| and |\of{address}|. (If the address of a
party is not given a blank space will be inserted in the document where
appropriate .) It is intended that inserting the address should be optional;
at present however this sometimes causes problems.

If some parties have the same address, ie John Smith and Freda Smith both of
Springtime Villas, put |\and| after |\plaintiff{JOHN SMITH}| and
|\of{Springtime Villas}| after |\plaintiff{FREDA SMITH}|. (This is not very
robust at the moment.)

If you want to refer to a party as being, for example, a firm, type, for
example,**|\firm| |\plaintiff{SUE GRABBIT \&amp; RUNNE \firm}|. Other capacities
include *|\widow|, *|\minor| and *|\patient|. 


The command **|\matter||\matter{123 New Square, Lincoln's Inn}| does what it
might be expected to do. There is also the command **|\estate||\estate{A.B.
deceased.}| Each will store the matter set out and in due course print it in
the correct place on the pleading and the backsheet (adding `And' where
appropriate).

Having entered the names and addresses of the parties the next step is to
ask \r\ to produce the appropriate type of pleading. Once again the command
is vaguely logical, being |\pleading{type of pleading}|**|\pleading|. Thus
|\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| will produce a document containing the usual
heading including  the names of the parties. The body of the claim will be
typed in using *|\cl| and *|\scl| for the clauses. It is possible to type
*|\claim| to produce ``AND the Plaintiff(s) claim(s)---'' automatically. To
reset the clause numbering at any time type *|\clearclno|. The command
|\bye| will in this case also add at the bottom of the text the usual
wording about the document being served.

Pleadings are more complicated than written advice and drafts since \T\
needs to know which party the draftsman is acting for. In the case of a
Statement of Claim this is obviously the Plaintiff but \T\ cannot be
expected to know this. The text should therefore contain the command
*|\clientpltrue|. As in the case of an *|\opinion|, however, there is a
shorthand command which will achieve this automatically. A Statement of Claim
(with the client set to the Plaintiff) will be produced by the command
|\soc|. If this command is preceded by the command
|\writissued{12/03/91}| **|\writissued| the date when the writ was issued
will be inserted at the appropriate place; otherwise the date will be left
blank.


The formal parts of a specially endorsed Writ are slightly different from
those of a Statement of Claim. In this case *|\writ| does the necessary
formatting and inserts the appropriate formal parts. Similarly *|\os| can be
used for an originating summons. (There are also built-in macros called
*|\defence|, *|\reply|, |\dacc|\ref{Defence and Counterclaim.},
|\rdcc|\ref{Reply and Defence to Counterclaim.} which act as might be
expected.

Pleadings have another difference from drafts and written advice and that is
that they are amended. The command *|\amended| when inserted before the
command |\pleading| (or |\soc| or |\defence| or whatever) makes the
necessary amendments to the formal parts. *|\reamended| and *|\rereamended|
can also be used. An amended Statement of claim can therefore take the form
|\amended\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| or |\amended\soc|. **|\pleading|

The amendments to the text itself are complicated. James Behrens has
produced a useful note on the question of how to show amendments to
Pleadings using \WP\ without using coloured ink. In \LT\ I take a slightly
different approach in that I denote the first amendments by underlining
additions and crossing-out deletions. For the re-amendments I underline
twice and cross-out twice and for re-re-amendments underline thrice and
cross-out thrice. Any such monochrome scheme does look messy if there are many
amendments; it is best to delete and replace whole sentences rather than
individual words and letters.

The method of producing the underlining and crossing out is to use the
commands *|\ul| and |\xo| \ca inside\se squiggly brackets (|{\ul like this}|.
The brackets limit the extent of the underlining or crossing-out. The
corresponding commands for double and triple underlining and crossing-out
are *|\uul|, *|\uuul|, *|\xxo| and *|\xxxo|.

If new clauses are inserted into a Pleading either the original numbers have
to be altered or the new clauses have to be numbered in some distinctive
manner. \LT\ uses the latter method. The new clause should be preceded by
the command *|\acl| instead of |\cl|. (There are also the commands *|\ascl|
and *|\asscl| for sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses).

\acl This is a clause starting with |\acl|

Once again, in order to be able to process the text of a pleading \LT\ needs
a certain amount of additional information. It does not this time need to be
told the title of the matter since it can work that out for itself. It does,
however, need to know the *|\colsref| so that it can produce the backsheet
and add the Solicitors' name and address in the appropriate place at the end
of the pleading. (If your file contains a pleading followed by an Opinion it
is not necessary to tell \r\ the title for the backsheet of the Opinion
since it will use the same title as it uses on the pleading.)


An Originating Summons might, therefore, take the following form in your file---
\beginlines
|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
|\def\timespent{3} % in hours|
|\def\typeofcase{breach of trust}|
|\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds|
|\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
|\def\suggestedfee{?}  |
|\def\legalaid{}|
|\def\remarks{slightly tricky}|
\smallskip
|\ch{1990 S 1234}|
\smallskip
|\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH}|
|\defendant{ALFRED JONES}|
|\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY}|
|\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH}|
|\matter{John Smith deceased}|
|\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925}|
\smallskip
|\os|
|\cl That it may be determined \dots|
|\cl Further of other relief|
\smallskip
|\bye|
\endlines

The result of \TeX ing this file is shown on the next couple of pages.

%NOTE: No it ain't; a slight problem arose with the new ve%rsion of \LT\ and
%so I have removed it for the time being. The file does not like being \T ed
%in the middle of another file for some reason

\vfil \eject
\inform{Printing demonstration pages of Originating Summons}

\partcount=\the\pageno % preserve page count, using "spare" count reg.

\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}
\colsref{SUEGRA/99} 
\def\timespent{3} % in hours
\def\typeofcase{breach of trust}
\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds
\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10
\def\suggestedfee{?}  
\def\legalaid{}
\def\remarks{slightly tricky}
\smallskip
\ch{1990 S 1234}

\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH}
\defendant{ALFRED JONES}
\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY}
\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH}

\matter{John Smith deceased}
\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925}
\smallskip
\os

\pageno=\the\partcount % restore it

\cl That it may be determined \dots
\cl Further of other relief
\smallskip
\bottomofpleading{\endostext} % Not normally necessary
\vfil
\settled % fudge since no \bye
\vfil\vfil\eject


An Originating Summons is often accompanied by an Affidavit.  If both
documents appear in the same file, the affidavit being the second of them,
the number of commands that need to be typed is limited. The first is
|\deponent{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|.**|\deponent| This can optionally be
followed by |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|**|\of| and
|\occupation{Poet}|**|\occupation|. (If the deponent has a non-hyphenated
hyphenated name, that is to say a name where for example the person's
surname is actually two words, join the words together with an underline
character ($\_$), as in |\deponent{BRIAN HAMILTON_KELLY}|. This enables \LT\
to extract the correct initials from the fullname. \LT\ is not psychic and
so if a person has a title or other formal names which should not be used as
initials (for example, George Seventeenth Duke of Borchester) it will be
necessary to tell \LT\ what his initials and initialised names are. The
commands to use are **|\shortname||\shortname{G. Borchester}| and
**|\initials||\initials{G.B.}|.

\initials{A.B.C.}

The next command is *|\affidavit| which will print all the formal parts
(including the endorsement at the top). The text of the affidavit should be
typed using *|\cl| in the usual way. The commands *|\exhibited| and
*|\bundled| will respectively produce `\exhibited\,' and `\bundled\,' (the
initials and number being produced automatically).

In this case the command *|\bye| should add at the end of the document---

\noindent\sworn


If the Affidavit is the only pleading it is, of course, necessary to set out
the parties and so on in the file. In these circumstances \r\ will assume
that you are acting for the Defence and refer to your Solicitors as
Solicitors for the Defendants. To change this type *|\clientpltrue| at the
beginning.  The affidavit will also by default be treated as being the first
sworn for the relevant party. To alter this to, for example, the second type
**|\affyno||\affyno{2}| at the start.  If the deponent is the same it will probably
also be necessary to  ensure that the exhibit numbers continue on where they
left off in the previous affidavit. To do this if, for example, the last
number was 10, type *|\exno=10| at the beginning of the new affidavit, but \ca
after\se the command *|\affidavit| (which resets the count to zero).

Minutes of Order can be produced by the command *|\minutes|. This will set
out the formal parts of the Minutes.

Pleadings for use in the County Court are produced in exactly the same way
as those for use in the High Court. The commands are very similar. If the
name of the Court and the case number are known the document should be
headed---

|\countycourt{BORCHESTER}|\hfil\break
|\case{1234}|

If, however, either are unknown it is acceptable to simply type
|\countycourt| (or even |\case|) and \LT\ will supply defaults.



\def\VT{{\tt\char'174}}
It is sometimes necessary to produce a table in either a pleading or other
document. \T\ has very sophisticated table producing commands bit they
cannot be described a user-friendly. \LT\ now incorporates\ref{At the moment
they are contained in a separate file, txsruled.tex. At a later date they
will be incorporated into \LT\ itself.} the ruled table macros written by
Eric Myers which normally form part of the \T sis macros (macros for
physicists). The full documentation can be obtained elsewhere (and fuller
documentation will appear in a subsequent edition of this manual). However, to
produce a simple ruled table type *|\ruledtable|. On successive lines put
the material that should appear in the lines of the table.  Separate each
column with the vertical bar character (\VT). End each line \ca except the
last\se with |\cr| (which can roughly be translated as `carriage return').
At the end of the table type |\endruledtable|. (This effectively replaces
the last |\cr|.) There are commands available for producing tables without
rules and for altering the thickness of the rules and so on. Here is an
example---
\bigskip
{\obeylines
|\ruledtable|
|\bf Date Due| \VT|\bf Amount (\pounds)| \VT|\bf When Paid \cr|
01/02/89 \VT 34.56 \VT 09/12/90|\cr|
24/01/90 \VT 99.00 \VT Outstanding
|\endruledtable|\par}

This produces---

\bigskip
\begingroup % Keep txsruled local.

\ruledtable
\bf Date Due | \bf Amount (\pounds)| \bf When Paid \cr
01/02/89 | 34.56 | 09/12/90\cr
24/01/90 | 99.00 | Outstanding
\endruledtable

\endgroup

\medskip
It must, of course, be remembered that a large table may not fit on a page
in portrait mode. 

\bigskip 

There are many other commands in \r\ and these
Notes will be lengthened in due course. This particular version is being
written in rather a hurry and so is incomplete. In the meantime try the
Index (if it exists) and experiment with the commands that you find there.

\bigbreak

{\sh ^{Altering the defaults.}}
\nobreak\smallskip\noindent
There is one file that can be altered
with impunity---that is to say, that I have no objection to you altering
it. It is  |RHlocal|. When you receive \r\ this is likely to
contain the following text---

\beginlines
|% RHlocal|
|% definitions of local matters|
|%|
|%|
|\counsel{John Smith}|
|%|
|\def\col{AB}|
|%|
|%\let\inn=\lincoln|
|%\let\inn=\grays|
|%\let\inn=\temple|
|%\let\inn=\middletemple|
|%\let\inn=innertemple|
|\def\ouraddress{%|
|7 New Square\cr|
|Lincoln's Inn\cr|
|London WC2A 3QS\cr|
|Telephone: 071 405 1266\cr|
|Fax: 071 405 0554\cr}|
\endlines

You should insert your name between the |{}| after *|\counsel| in the form in
which you like it to appear on pleadings. You should also substitute your
initials for |AB| in |\def\col{AB}| in the form in which they are used in the
ACE accounts package and ``un-comment'' one Inn. You should also substitute
your address for mine (taking care to include the *|\cr|'s) in *|\ouraddress|.

If you define your own macros either put them in a new file (called, for
example |newmacs.TEX|) which you put in either the |\TEX| or the
|\TEX\INPUTS|\ref{Depending on your version of \T.} directory and add the
command *|\input newmacs| at the beginning of your text file, or add them to
|RHlocal.TEX|; in the latter case you will have to create a new format file
by typing |INITEX &amp;PLAIN RHFMT \dump|\ref{Note that {\tt\bslash dump} must be in
lower case. This is the command for the \pctex\ version of \T. The \bo emTeX\ok
version uses a different system; please see the instructions.}.

\bigskip
{\bf Suggestions for improvements in this format file and these Notes will be
gratefully received---and probably rejected out of hand.}

If you are reading the long version of this Manual, the next part of these
these Notes is a further document called ``\r\ \TeX nical Manual''.  This
sets out the \r\ macros in full. I suggest, however, that only those who have
used \r\ for some time actually bother to look at it. However, it contains
details of {\it all\/} the macros that are to be found in \r, including a
large number which are not mentioned in this document or elsewhere---See also
the Index. You may also find it useful when developing your own macros, since
it may help you to avoid the many mistakes which I have made. It may also set
out the text of other macro files which I use.

If, however, you are reading the short version of this Manual, the next part
will be the index which makes rather boring reading.


\bigskip\vfill\eject
%
% Read in the commented macro files
\iflongversion\input RHstuff\relax\fi 

\vfil\eject
%
\def\indexname{%
\vtop{%
\centerline{\bf Index}
\medskip
\rm This is a fairly rough index. It is produced automatically by the
|MANMAC| macros, and as a result there may be a number of duplicated page
references, and the page numbers are not necessarily in order. In later
editions I will perhaps try to rectify this, but at present I could only do
this by hand, and that would take too long.
\medskip%
For those who are interested, the index entries were produced by using a
slightly modified version of the codes shown in {\sl the \TeX book\/} at
pages 423--424\ref{This is to be found in RHindex.TeX.},  were sorted by a
comparatively simple program written in the ``C'' language, and were then
``massaged'' very gently using a text-editor. The \r\ macros then
formatted the result.
\medskip
Of course, if you are reading an early version of these Notes, the index will
not be sorted and so you should not have read the previous paragraph. Forget
that you did.}}

% stop LeXTeX thinking that this is a pleading
\chitfalse
\let\backmatter\empty
\let\signoff\empty

% Print the index
\printindex
\bye

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